sailed away, not indeed to Phocæa, well knowing that it would be enslaved with the rest of Ionia, but sailed directly, as he was, to Phoenicia; and there having disabled some merchantmen, and obtained great wealth, he sailed to Sicily; and sallying out from thence, he established himself as a pirate, attacking none of the Grecians, but only the Carthaginians and Tyrrhenians.

The Persians, when they had conquered the Ionians in the sea-fight, besieging Miletus both by land and sea, and undermining the walls, and bringing up all kinds of military engines against it, took it completely, in the sixth year after the revolt of Aristagoras; and they reduced the city to slavery, so that the event coincided with the oracle delivered concerning Miletus. For when the Argives consulted the oracle at Delphi respecting the preservation of their city, a double answer was given; part concerning themselves, and the addition the Pythian uttered concerning the Milesians. The part relating to the Argives I will mention when I come to that part of the history; the words she uttered relative to the Milesians, who were not present, were as follows: "Then Miletus, contriver of wicked deeds, thou shalt become a feast and a rich gift to many: thy wives shall wash the feet of many long-haired masters, and our temple at Didymi shall be tended by others." These things befell the Milesians at that time, for most of the men were killed by the Persians, who wear long hair; and their women and children were treated as slaves; and the sacred inclosure at Didymi, both the temple and the shrine, were pillaged and burned. Of the riches in this temple I have frequently made mention in other parts of my history. Such of the Milesians as were taken alive were afterward conveyed to Susa; and King Darius, without having done them any harm, settled them on that which is called the Red Sea, in the city of Ampe, near which the Tigris, flowing by, falls into the sea. Of the Milesian territory, the Persians themselves retained the parts round the city, and the plain; the mountainous parts they gave to the Carians of Pedasus to occupy. When the Milesians suffered thus at the hands of the Persians, the Sybarites, who inhabited Laos and Scydrus, having been deprived of their country, did not show equal sympathy. For when Sybaris was taken by the Crotonians, all the Milesians of every age shaved their heads and displayed marks of deep mourning; for these two cities had been more strictly united in friendship than any others we are acquainted with. The Athenians behaved in a very different manner; for the Athenians made it evident that they were excessively

grieved at the capture of Miletus, both in many other ways, and more particularly when Phrynichus had composed a drama of the capture of Miletus, and represented it, the whole theatre burst into tears, and fined him a thousand drachmas for renewing the memory of their domestic misfortunes; and they gave order that henceforth no one should act this drama.

Miletus therefore was stripped of its Milesian population. But the Samians who had property were by no means pleased with what had been done by their generals in favour of the Medes, and determined, on a consultation immediately after the sea-fight, to sail away to a colony before the tyrant Æaces should arrive in their country, and not by remaining become slaves to the Medes and Æaces. For the Zancleans of Sicily at this very time, sending messengers to Ionia, invited the Ionians to Cale Acte, wishing them to found a city of Ionians there. This Cale Acte, as it is called, belongs to the Sicilians, and is in that part of Sicily that faces the Tyrrhenians. Accordingly, when they invited them, the Samians alone of all the Ionians set out, and with them such Milesians as had escaped by flight. During this time the following incident occurred: The Samians, on their way to Sicily, touched on the country of the Epizephyrian Locrians, and the Zancleans, both they and their king, whose name was Scythes, were employed in the besieging of a Sicilian city, desiring to take it: and Anaxilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, who was then at variance with the Zancleans, understanding this, held correspondence with the Samians, and persuaded them that it would be well not to trouble themselves about Cale Acte, to which they were sailing, but to seize the city of Zancle, which was destitute of inhabitants. The Samians were persuaded, and possessed themselves of Zancle, whereupon the Zancleans, hearing that their city was occupied, went to recover it, and called to their assistance Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, for he was their ally. But when Hippocrates came with his army, as if to assist them, he having thrown into chains Scythes, King of the Zancleans, who had already lost his city, and his brother Pythogenes, sent them away to the city of Inycum: after having conferred with the Samians, and given and received oaths, he betrayed the rest of the Zancleans; and this was the reward agreed upon by the Samians, that he should have one half of the movables and slaves in the city, and that Hippocrates should have for his share all that was in the country. Accordingly, having put in chains the greater part of the Zanclæans, he treated them as slaves; and three hundred of the principal citizens he delivered to the Samians to be put to

death; the Samians, however, would not do this. Scythes, King of the Zancleans, made his escape from Inycum to Himera, and from thence passed over into Asia, and went up to King Darius. Darius considered him the most just of all the men who had come up to him from Greece. For having asked permission of the king, he went to Sicily, and returned back from Sicily to the king, and at last, being very rich, died among the Persians of old age. Thus the Samians, being freed from the Medes, gained without toil the very beautiful city of Zancle. After the sea-fight which took place off Miletus, the Phoenicians, by order of the Persians, conveyed Eaces, son of Syloson, to Samos, as one who had deserved much at their hands and had performed great services. The Samians were the only people of those that revolted from Darius whose city and sacred buildings were not burned, on account of the defection of their ships in the sea-fight. Miletus being taken, the Persians immediately got possession of Caria; some of the cities having submitted of their own accord, and others they reduced by force. Now these things happened thus.

While Histiæus the Milesian was near Byzantium, intercepting the trading ships of the Ionians that sailed out of the Pontus, news was brought him of what had taken place at Miletus; he therefore intrusted his affairs on the Hellespont to Bisaltes, son of Apollophanes, of Abydos; and he himself, having taken the Lesbians with him, sailed to Chios, and engaged with a garrison of Chians, that would not admit him, at a place called Coeli in the Chian territory: and he killed great numbers of them; and the rest of the Chians, as they had been much shattered by the sea-fight, Histiæus, with the Lesbians, got the mastery of, setting out from Polichne of the Chians. The deity is wont to give some previous warning when any great calamities are about to befall any city or nation, and before these misfortunes great warnings happened to the Chians. For, in the first place, when they sent to Delphi a band of one hundred youths, only two of them returned home, but the remaining ninety-eight a pestilence seized and carried off in the next place, about the same time, a little before the sea-fight, a house in the city fell in upon some boys as they were learning to read, so that of one hundred and twenty boys only one escaped. These warnings the deity showed them beforehand. After this, the sea-fight following, threw the city prostrate; and after the sea-fight Histiæus with the Lesbians came upon them; and as the Chians had been much shattered, he easily reduced them to subjection.

From thence Histiæus proceeded to attack Thasus with a large body of Ionians and Eolians; and while he was besieging Thasus news came that the Phoenicians were sailing from Miletus against the rest of Ionia. When he heard this, he left Thasus untaken, and himself hastened to Lesbos with all his forces; and from Lesbos, because his army was suffering from want, he crossed to the opposite shore for the purpose of reaping the corn of Atarneus, and the plain of Caicus which belonged to the Mysians. But Harpagus, a Persian, general of a considerable army, happened to be in those parts; he engaged with him after his landing, took Histiæus himself prisoner, and destroyed the greater part of his army.

Histiæus was thus taken prisoner: When the Greeks were fighting with the Persians at Malene, in the district of Atarneus, they maintained their ground for a long time, but the cavalry at length coming up, fell upon the Greeks; then it was the work of the cavalry; and when the Greeks had betaken themselves to flight, Histiæus, hoping that he should not be put to death by the king for his present offence, conceived such a desire of preserving his life that when in his flight he was overtaken by a Persian, and being overtaken was on the point of being stabbed by him, he speaking in the Persian language, discovered himself to be Histiæus the Milesian. Now if, when he was taken prisoner, he had been conducted to King Darius, in my opinion, he would have suffered no punishment, and the king would have forgiven him his fault. But now, for this very reason, and lest by escaping he should again regain his influence with the king, Artaphernes, governor of Sardis, and Harpagus, who received him as soon as he was conducted to Sardis, impaled his body on the spot, and having embalmed the head, sent it to Darius at Susa. Darius having heard of this, and having blamed those that had done it, because they had not brought him alive into his presence, gave orders that, having washed and adorned the head of Histiæus, they should inter it honourably, as the remains of a man who had been a great benefactor to himself and the Persians. Such was the fate of Histiæus.

The naval force of the Persians having wintered near Miletus, when it set sail in the second year, easily subdued the islands lying near the continent, Chios, Lesbos, and Tenedos : and when they took any one of these islands, the barbarians, as they possessed themselves of each, netted the inhabitants. They net them in this manner: Taking one another by the hand, they extend from the northern to the southern sea, and so march over the island, hunting out the inhabitants. They

also took the Ionian cities on the continent with the same ease; but they did not net the inhabitants, for that was impossible. Then the Persian generals did not belie the threats which they had uttered against the Ionians when arrayed against them. For when they had made themselves masters of the cities, they selected the handsomest youths, and castrated them, and made them eunuchs instead of men, and the most beautiful virgins they carried away to the king; this they did, and burned the cities with the very temples. Thus the Ionians were for the third time reduced to slavery: first by the Lydians, then twice successively by the Persians. The naval force departing from Ionia, reduced all the places on the left of the Hellespont as one sails in; for the places on the right, being on the continent, had already been subdued by the Persians. The following places on the Hellespont are in Europe: the Chersonese, in which are many cities, Perinthus, and the fortified towns toward Thrace, and Selybrie, and Byzantium. The Byzantians, however, and the Chalcedonians on the opposite side, did not wait the coming of the Phoenician fleet; but having abandoned their country, went inward to the Euxine, and there founded the city of Mesambria. But the Phoenicians, having burned down the places above mentioned, bent their course to Proconnesus, and Artace, and having devoted these also to flames, sailed back again to the Chersonese, for the purpose of destroying the rest of the cities, which, when they passed near them before, they had not laid waste. Against Cyzicus they did not sail at all, for the Cyzicenians had of their own accord submitted to the king before the arrival of the Phoenicians, having capitulated with Ebares, son of Megabyzus, governor of Dascylium. All the other cities of the Chersonese, except Cardia, the Phoenicians subdued.

Till that time Miltiades, son of Cimon, son of Stesagoras, was tyrant of these cities, Miltiades, son of Cypselus, having formerly acquired this government in the following manner: The Thracian Dolonci possessed this Chersonese; these Dolonci, then, being pressed in war by the Apsynthians, sent their kings to Delphi to consult the oracle concerning the war; the Pythian answered them that they should take that man with them to their country to found a colony, who after their departure from the temple should first offer them hospitality. Accordingly, the Dolonci, going by the sacred way, went through the territories of the Phocians and Boeotians, and when no one invited them, turned out of the road toward Athens. At that time Pisistratus had the supreme power at