hili are the cathedral and castle. Ancient walls paruy inclos ethe bill, from which are fine views of the fertile wooded country around, and of the suburbs across the river. The chief manufactures are mustard, carpets, paper, and iron. In the vicinity are coal-mines, and saline, chalybeate, and sulphureous springs. It sends one member to parliament. D. arose about 995, when Bp. Aldune brought here St. Cuthbert's bones from Ripon, and built a church to enshrine them. On the site of this church, Bp. William de Carilepho, about 1093, began the present magnificent cathedral, a Romanesque structure in the form of a Latin cross, to which additions continued to be made till about 1500. It thus exhibits the gradual changes of style between these periods. It was restored during last c., and has lately undergone extensive renovation. It is 507 by 200 ft., with a central tower 214 ft. high, and two w. towers 138 ft. high. For plan of it, see CHURCH. The cathedral contains many old monuments. Here lie St. Cuthbert's (q.v.) remains. Here also are Bede's tomb and some manuscripts said to be in his hand-writing. Cardinal Wolsey was a prelate here. The bishop's income is now £8,000. The castle, formerly the residence of the bishops of D., now the seat of the Univ. of D., was founded about 1072, by William the Conqueror, in the Romanesque style, but it has since been much altered. The dormitory, now the new library of the cathedral,, which belonged to the monastery of D., is one of the finest in England. Two of the bridges over the Wear were erected in the 12th c. D. was often attacked by the Scots.

A college was founded here 1290 by the prior and convent of Durham. It was abolished, however, at the dissolution of monastic houses in the reign of Henry VIII, and its endowments given to the dean and chapter of Durham. Under the Commonwealth, Cromwell instituted a college here, and endowed it with the sequestrated revenues of the dean and chapter, to whom, however, these revenues reverted at the Restoration, when the college was suppressed. The present Univ. of D. was opened for students 1833, under the provisions of an act of parliament, obtained by the dean and chapter during the previous year. A royal charter, 1837, empowered the univ. to bestow degrees. The D. Univ. comprises professorships in divin. ity and ecclesiastical history, classical literature, mathematics and astronomy, and medicine, with lectureships in Hebrew, classical literature, and mathematics, with several tutors and other teachers. It has two collegesUniversity College, and Bishop Hatfield's Hall. At Newcastle-on-Tyne, but in connection with the univ., are the well-known Colleges of Medicine and of Physical Science. -Pop. of D. (1881) 14, 932; (1891) 14,863.

DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, Earl of: 1792, Apr. 12-1840, July 28; b. Lambton Hall, co. Durham, England; son of William Henry Lambton. The Lambton estate was not very large, but had been in the possession of the family since the 12th c., the male issue having never failed during all that period. The antiquity of the family, however,

exercised no narrowing influence on D.'s opinions, which were markedly radical. He was educated at Eaton; and when only 20 years of age, married at Gretna Green Miss Harriet Cholmondeley, who died after a few years. In 1814, he represented his co. in parliament, and though he did not speak on many questions, he took part in all the more important debates, opposing the Corn-law Bill of 1815, the additions made to the incomes of the royal dukes, the Indemnity Bill of 1818, the six repressive bills brought in by govt. to coerce the people after the great reform meeting at Manchester 1819, etc. Two years later he submitted to the house of commons a scheme of parliamentary reform. which of course was not accepted. In 1828, he was raised to the peerage, with the title of Baron D. of the city of Durham. He was one of the four persons who drew up the Reform Bill, and supported it in the house of lords. In 1833, Lord D was dispatched on a mission to Russia. On his return to England, Lord D's advanced liberalism' was proclaimed at a dinner given to Lord Grey at Edin burgh, 1834, and in various other parts of the country. After a second mission to Russia, he was appointed gov. gen. of Canada, where he arrived 1839, May; but on account of a misunderstanding with the home govt., he took the extraordinary step of returning to England in half a year, without either being recalled or obtaining the royal consent. D. died at Cowes, Isle of Wight, leaving a son who succeeded him as Earl of D., and three daughters.

DURIAN, or DURION, dù'ri-ùn (Durio zibethinus): fruittree of the Malayan Archipelago, of the nat. ord. Sterculia ce, of the same tribe or sub-order (Bombaceae) with the silk-cotton tree. It is a lofty tree, with leaves resembling those of the cherry, and large bunches of pale-yellow flowers The fruit is of the size of a man's head, roundish oblong, with a hard thick rind, covered with soft spines, so that it somewhat resembles a hedgehog rolled up. The pulp of the fruit is of a sort of creamy substance and delicious taste, but has a smell which is at first very repulsive to Europeans. Persons accustomed to it, however, universally regard the D. as one of the very finest fruits of the East. It brings a higher price than any other fruit in the market in India. It contains 10 or 12 seeds, as large as pigeons' eggs, which, roasted, are not inferior to chestnuts. One tree yields about 200 durians in a year.-The cultivation of the D. has not yet been successful in European and American hothouses, the great size of the tree forming one principal obstacle to it. The D. is not a native of India, nor of Ceylon, but is now successfully cultivated in the latter country.

DURING, prep. during [L. dūrō, I last or continue]: holding on; in the course of; while anything lasts.

DÜRKHEIM, dürk'him: town of Rhenish Bavaria, six m. s. w. of Mannheim, at the base of the Hardt Mountains. Many invalids resort to D. on account of its amenity, and to take the grape-cure. It has manufactures of tobacco,

cutlery, and paper. Not far off are 'he salt-works of Phillipshall. Pop. (1880) 6,089: (1890) 6,081.

DURLACH, dúr lách: old town of Germany, grandduchy of Baden, on the river Pfinz, at the base of the Thurmberg, a highly cultivated hill, 3 m. e. of Carlsruhe. D. manufactures linen, tobacco, chicory, vinegar, and machinery, and has extensive fruit and grain markets. The environs abound with orchards. On the summit of the Thurmberg are the ruins of an old castle. D. is a station on the Mannheim and Basel railway. 7,474; (1890) 8,240.

Pop. (1880)

DUROMETER, n. dür-om'è ter [L. durus, hard; Eng. meter]: an instrument invented by Behrens, designed for testing the relative hardness of steel rails.

DUROY, n. du-roy': a common quality of woolen

serge.

DURRA, dúr'ra (Sorghum vulgare): called also Doura, Indian Millet, Guinea Corn, Ivory Wheat, Pampas Rice, Egyptian Corn, and various other names. The species is divided into an almost endless number of varieties. Durra bears the smallest grains of the cereals cultivated for food. It is a native of the warmer portions of the old world, and has been under cultivation from time immemorial. The people of central India, Arabia, and large portions of Africa use it as their principal food. Under favorable conditions it throws up large and tall stalks with many broad leaves and large panicles. It has been spread to nearly all parts of the globe, but succeeds best where the summers are long and comparatively dry.

D. has been known in this country about three-quarters of a century. At intervals of a few years it is described in glowing circulars, under a new name, as a most valuable grain and forage plant, and unwary purchasers pay high prices for the seed. At some periods it has created considerable interest among practical farmers, and enthusiastic admirers have claimed that it would supplant Indian corn; but its popularity has usually been short-lived and its cultivation has never become general.

To a considerable extent D. adapts itself to circunstances. It grows on a great variety of soils, and in widely different climates, though in our northern states it does not always ripen its seed. In a remarkable degree it has the power of withstanding drought, but on account of the compact nature of the heads it is liable to be injured by rain at harvest time. The seed should be lightly covered, particularly in moist land, or it will be liable to decay. For a while the plant is feeble and needs careful cultivation, but when fairly started it grows rapidly and soon shades the ground so as to smother weeds. Either in a green or dry state the stalks and leaves make excellent fodder. The grain weighs about 60 lbs. per bushel, and 20 to 80 or more bushels can be obtained from an acre of good land. The feeding value of the grain is about the same as that of Indian corn. On account of its heavy growth and the weight of the heads it is more difficult to harvest than other grain.

It must be cut as soon as ripe, or it will shell profusely in the field. The white varieties yield the largest grain, and are the most popular. The brown or red sorts are little, if any, superior to the seed of brown corn, to which they bear a very close resemblance. Flour made from D. is said to be better for cakes than buckwheat, but inferior to either wheat or corn for making bread. In this country it is not desirable as a plant for human food, but it may be profitably grown for cattle. The Chinese sugar-cane (see SUGAR-CANE) (S. saccharatum) is cultivated to quite an extent at the north for syrup and sugar, also for forage. DURST, v. dérst: see DARE.

DURUY, dü-rü-ë', JEAN VICTOR: 1811, Sep. 11-1894, Nov. 25; b. Paris; historian. Originally meant to be a designer in the lace-works at Gobelins, he showed singular aptitude for learned studies, entered the École Normale in his 19th year, and 1833 was a prof. in the college of Henri IV., Paris. In 1863 he was made minister of public instruction, and carried out some important reforms. He was author of numerous important works of history and geography. Among the more important are historical geographies of the Roman Empire, of the Middle Ages, and of France; great histories of Rome, of France, and of Greece; and Sacred History. These works, published 1838-52, appeared partly as sections of the series of works on Universal History of which he was editor. He published numerous minor works; resigned his post 1869; and was made a senator. He held all the distinctions of the Legion of Honor, and was elected to the Academy 1885.

DURYEA, dur-yā', JOSEPH TUTHILL, D. D.: 1832, Dec. 9-; b. Jamaica, N. Y.; Congl. minister. He graduated at Princeton Coll. 1856, was tutor of Greek and rhetoric there 1857-8, graduated at Princeton Theol. Sem. 1859, was immediately called to the second Presbyterian Church at Troy, N. Y., where he preached till 1862, was an assoc. pastor of the Collegiate Ref. Church, New York, 1862-68, pastor of the Classon Ave. Presb. Church, Brooklyn, 1868-79, of the Central Congl. Church, Boston, 1879-89, First Congl. Church, Omaha, Neb., 1889. He has a fine philosophical mind, and wide scholarship.

DURYEE, ABRAM: 1815, Apr. 29-1890, Sept. 27; soldier; b. New York, of Huguenot ancestry. Trained to a mercantile life in New York, he early interested himself in military affairs, joined the state militia 1833, and 1838 became a member of the 27th regt., afterward the celebrated 'Seventh,' of which he was made col. 1849, holding the office 14 years. At the outbreak of the civil war he raised a regt. called in his honor Duryee's Zouaves,' which was succeeded by a second regt. under the same name, both organizations distinguishing themselves during the war.

DURYEE. WILLIAM RANKIN, D.D.: 1838, Apr. 101897, June 20; clergyman of the Reformed church: b. Newark, N. J. He graduated at Rutgers College 1856, and at New Brunswick (N. J.) theol. seminary 1861: and was or dained 1862 pastor of the Reformed chh. in Bergen, N. J.

Immediately after ordination he entered the Union army as chaplain, and at the end of that service took the pastorate of a Reformed church in Jersey City, N. J. In 1891 he became prof. of moral philos., ethics, and the Eng. Bible in the theol. seminary of the Reformed church, New Brunswick, N. J. He published Sentinels for the Soul (1862); and Our Mission Work Abroad (1876).

DURYLIC ACID, n. dù rì tk: C,H,(CH3)s' CO, H., a monatomic monobasic acid obtained by oxidizing durene, C&H2 (CH3), with dilute nitric acid. It crystallizes in hard prisms, which melt at 302. By further oxidation, it is converted into cumidic acid,C,H2(CH3)2(CO2H)2, which crystallizes in long transparent prisms, and sublimes at high temperatures.

DUSICYON, du-sis'i-on: genus of Canida, or sub-genus of Canis (dog), consisting of a number of S. American species or varieties, sometimes called Aguara dogs. They have the body rather long in proportion to their height, and of considerable bulk, the muzzle rather sharp, eyes somewhat oblique, and aspect somewhat foxlike, the tail also has a more or less perfect foxlike brush. They are more diurnal than nocturnal in their habits, live in burrows, and feed on birds and small quadrupeds. Some have been domesticated by the Indians.-Akin to the Aguara dogs, but more foxlike, are the Aguara foxes (CERDOCYON, q.v.).

DUSK, n. dŭsk [from Eng. dull: Sw. dusk, dull weather: Dan. dulsk, dull, lifeless: Icel. doska, to dawdle, to delay]: a tending to darkness; twilight; state between light and darkness: ADJ. moderately dark; tending to darkness. DUS KISH, a moderately dark. DUS'KISHLY, ad. -lì. Dus'KILY, ad. -ki-li, with partial darkness. DUS KINESS, or DUS'KISHNESS, n. approach to darkness. DUS KY, a. ki, partially dark; obscure; gloomy; overcast. DUSKY-PERCH, n. in ich., a species of perch, Senanus gigas, belonging to the genus Senanus, found on the coasts of France and Spain and in the Mediterranean, where it sometimes reaches a weight of 60 pounds. The color of the back is a dark reddish-brown, becoming paler on the belly. Both jaws have very distinct canine teeth.

DUSKY BAY, dusk'i: large inlet on the s.w. coast of Middle Isle, New Zealand; lat. 45° 40′ s., and long. 166° 20 e. It was entered by Capt. Cook 1769, who here found good anchorage.

DÜSSELDORF, düs'sel-dorf or dus'sel-dorf: chief town of the dist. of D., Rhenish Prussia, and cap. of the former duchy of Berg; in a fertile district, on the right bank of the Rhine, at the confluence of the Düssel; lat. 51° 13′ n., long. 6' 45' e. It was formerly fortified, but its ramparts were converted into gardens and promenades at the treaty of Luneville, 1802. It is in the midst of extensive gardengrounds, and is well built. The streets, the houses of which are built of brick, are regular and spacious; while the rows of trees with which many of them are planted, greatly enhance their appearance. D. is divided into the Altstadt,