who wrote in Greek, Julius Bassus' who wrote in Greek, Celsus, Antonius Castor." 8 FOREIGN AUTHORS QUOTED.-Democritus, 10 Theophrastus," Orpheus, 12 Menander 13 who wrote the "Biochresta," Pythagoras, 14 Nicander. 15 21 MEDICAL AUTHORS QUOTED.-Chrysippus, 16 Diocles, 17 Ophelion, 18 Heraclides, 19 Hicesius,20 Dionysius, Apollodorus 22 of Citium, Apollodorus 23 of Tarentum, Praxagoras, 24 Plistoni7 Supposed by some to be the same with the Bassus Tullius mentioned by ancient writers as the friend of Niger, possibly the Sextius Niger here inentioned. 8 See end of B. vii. 9 He lived at Rome in the first century of the Christian era, and possessed a botanical garden, probably the earliest mentioned. He lived more than a hundred years, in perfect health both of body and mind. See 10 See end of B. ii. B. xxv. c. 5. 11 See end of B. iii. 12 A mystic personage of the early Grecian Mythology, under whose name many spurious works were circulated. Pliny says, B. xxv. c. 2, that he was the first who wrote with any degree of attention on the subject of Plants. 13 See end of B. xix. 14 See end of B. viii. 15 See end of B. ii. 16 Probably Chrysippus of Cnidos, a pupil of Eudoxus and Philistion, father of Chrysippus, the physician to Ptolemy Soter, and tutor to Erasistratus. Others, again, think that the work "on the Cabbage," mentioned by Plinv in c. 33, was written by another Chrysippus, a pupil of Erasistratus, in the third century b.c. 17 A native of Carystus, in Euboea, who lived in the fourth century b.c. He belonged to the medical sect of the Dogmatici, and wrote several medical works, of which the titles only and a few fragments remain. 18 Of this writer nothing whatever is known. 19 For Heraclides of Heraclea, see end of B. xii.; for Heraclides of Pontus, see end of B. iv.; and for Heraclides of Tarentum, see end of B. xii. They were all physicians. 20 See end of B. xv. 21 See end of B. xii. 22 It was probably this personage, or the one next mentioned, who wrote to Ptolemy, one of the kings of Egypt, giving him directions as to what wines he should drink. See B. xiv. c. 9. A person of this name wrote a work on Ointments and Chaplets, quoted by Athenæus, and another on Venomous Animals, quoted by the same author. This last is probably the work referred to by Pliny, B. xxi. cc. 15, 29, &c. It has been suggested also, that the proper reading here is "Apollonius" of Citium, a pupil of Zopyrus, a physician of Alexandria. 23 See the preceding Note. 24 A celebrated physician, a native of the island of Cos. He belonged to the medical sect of the Dogmatici, and flourished probably in the fourth century b.c. He was more particularly celebrated for his comparatively accurate knowledge of anatomy. The titles only and a few fragments of his works survive. 34 26 41 42 cus, 25 Medius, Dieuches," Cleophantus, 28 Philistion," Ascle- Cnidos, and who lived probably in the 27 He flourished in the fourth century b.c., and belonged to the medical sect of the Dogmatici. He wrote some medical works, of which nothing hut a few fragments remain. 28 He lived probably about the beginning of the third century b.C., as he was the tutor of Antigenes and Mnemon. He seems to have been famous for his medicinal prescriptions of wine, and the quantities of cold water which he gave to his patients. 29 Born either in Sicily or at Locri Epizephyrii, in Italy. He is supposed to have lived in the fourth century b.c. By some persons he was thought to have been one of the founders of the sect of the Empirici. He wrote works on Materia Medica and Cookery, and is several times quoted by Pliny and Galen. 30 See end of B. vii. 31 A Greek herbalist, who lived about the beginning of the first century b.c. He is mentioned by Galen as one of the most eminent writers on Materia Medica. Another physician of the same name is supposed to have lived in the time of Hippocrates. 32 A Greek physician, supposed to have lived in or before the first century b.c. Dioscorides and Saint Epiphanius speak of Petronius and Diodotus, making them different persons; and it is not improbable that the true reading in c. 32 of this Book, is "Petronius et Diodotus." 33 See end of B. xii. 34 See end of B. xii. 35 See end of B. xi. 36 It is probable that there were several Greek physicians of this name; but the only one of whom anything certain is known is the physician to Ptolemy Philopater, king of Egypt, in whose tent he was killed by Theodotus, the Ætolian, b.c. 217. He was probably the first writer on hydrophobia. Eratosthenes is said to have accused him of plagiarism. 37 See end of B. xii. 38 It is doubtful if the person of this name to whom Pliny attributes a work on the Cabbage, in cc. 34 and 36 of this Book, was the same individual as Epicharmus of Cos, the Comic poet, born b.c. 540. It has been suggested that the botanical writer was a different personage, the brother of the Comic poet Demologus. 39 Possibly the same person as the Damon mentioned at the end of B. vii. He is mentioned in c. 40 of this Book, and in B. xxiv. c. 120, and wrote a work on the Onion. 40 See end of B. vi. 41 Beyond the mention made of him in c. 73 of this Book, nothing whatever is known relative to this writer. 42 Beyond the mention made of him in c. 73, nothing is known of him. Some read "Theopolemus." 43 44 45 rus, Solo, Lycus, Olympias 46 of Thebes, Philinus," Petrichus,48 Micton, 49 Glaucias,50 Xenocrates.5 51 43 Probably Metrodorus of Chïos, a philosopher, who flourished about b. C. 330, and professed the doctrine of the Sceptics. Cicero, Acad. ii. 23, § 73, gives a translation of the first sentence of his work On Nature." 44 A physician of Smyrna, He is called Solon the Dietetic, by Galen; but nothing further seems to be known of his history. 45 See end of B. xii. 46 A Theban authoress, who wrote on Medicine; mentioned also by Plinius Valerianus, the physician, and Pollux. From 47 A Greek physician, a native of Cos, the reputed founder of the sect of the Empirici. He probably lived in the third century b.c. Athenæus we learn that he wrote a work on Botany. A parallel has been drawn between Philinus and the late Dr. Hahnemann, by F. F. Brisken, Berlin, 1834. 48 See end of B. xix. 49 The Scholiast on Nicander mentions a treatise on Botany written by a person of this name: and a work of his on Medicine is mentioned by Labbe as existing in manuscript in the Library at Florence. 50 A Greek physician of this name belonging to the sect of the Empirici, lived probably in the third or second century b.c. Galen mentions him as one of the earliest commentators on the works of Hippocrates. It is uncertain, however, whether he is the person so often quoted by Pliny. 51 A physician of Aphrodisias, in Cilicia, who lived in the reign of Tiberius. He wrote some pharmaceutical works, and is censured by Galen for his disgusting remedies, such as human brains, flesh, urine, liver, excrements, &c. There is a short essay by him still in existence, on the Aliments derived from the Aquatic Animals. 304 BOOK XXI. AN ACCOUNT OF FLOWERS, AND THOSE USED FOR chap. 1. (1.)—the nature of flowers and garlands. Cato has recommended that flowers for making chaplets should also be cultivated in the garden; varieties remarkable for a delicacy which it is quite impossible to express, inasmuch as no individual can find such facilities for describing them as Nature does for bestowing on them their numerous tints -Nature, who here in especial shows herself in a sportive mood, and takes a delight in the prolific display of her varied productions. The other plants she has produced for our use and our nutriment, and to them accordingly she has granted years and even ages of duration: but as for the flowers and their perfumes, she has given them birth for but a day—a mighty lesson to man, we see, to teach him that that which in its career is the most beauteous and the most attractive to the eye, is the very first to fade and die. Even the limner's art itself possesses no resources for reproducing the colours of the flowers in all their varied tints and combinations, whether we view them in groups alternately blending their hues, or whether arranged in festoons, each variety by itself, now assuming a circular form, now running obliquely, and now disposed in a spiral pattern; or whether, as we see sometimes, one wreath is interwoven within another. 2 CHAP. 2. (2.)—garlands and chaplets. The ancients used chaplets of diminutive size, called struppi ;" from which comes our name for a chaplet, "stro1 See B. xxii. c. 1. 2 "Sive privatis generum funiculis in orbem, in obliquum, in ambitum; quædam coronæ per coronas currunt." As we know but little of the forms of the garlands and chaplets of the ancients, the exact translation of this passage very doubtful. 3 According to Boettiger, the word “struppus ” means a string arranged as a fillet or diadem. phiolum." Indeed, it was only by very slow degrees that this last word became generalized, as the chaplets that were used at sacrifices, or were granted as the reward of military valour, asserted their exclusive right to the name of “ corona. As for garlands, when they came to be made of flowers, they received the name of "serta," from the verb "sero,' or else from our word "series." The use of flowers for garlands is not so very ancient, among the Greeks even. СНАР. 3. "COROLLÆ, AND WHO INVENTED THE ART OF MAKING GARLANDS: WHEN THEY FIRST RECEIVED THE NAME OF FOR WHAT REASON. For in early times it was the usage to crown the victors in the sacred contests with branches of trees: and it was only at a later period, that they began to vary their tints by the combination of flowers, to heighten the effect in turn by their colour and their smell—an invention due to the ingenuity of the painter Pausias, at Sicyon, and the garland-maker Glycera, a female to whom he was greatly attached, and whose handiwork was imitated by him in colours. Challenging him to a trial of skill, she would repeatedly vary her designs, and thus it was in reality a contest between art and Nature; a fact which we find attested by pictures of that artist even still in existence, more particularly the one known as the "Stephaneplocos, ,"10 in which he has given a likeness of Glycera herself. This invention, therefore, is only to be traced to later than the Hundredth Olympiad. Chaplets of flowers being now the fashion, it was not long before those came into vogue which are known to us as 4 Fée makes the word "vocabulum" apply to "corona," and not to "struppus;" but the passage will hardly admit of that rendering. 5 "To bind" or "join together." 6 A "connected line," from the verb "sero." 7 By "quod," Hardouin takes Pliny to mean, the use of the word σTaρTÒ, among the Greeks, corresponding with the Latin word "sertum." 8 These chaplets, we learn from Festus, were called "pancarpiæ." The olive, oak, laurel, and myrtle, were the trees first used for chaplets. 9 See B. xxxv. c. 40. 10 The "Chaplet-weaver." See B. xxxv. c. 40. 11 B.C. 380. VOL. IV. X |