their dead bodies. They also searched the dead; and whatsoever was found either of silver, or gold, or other treasure, it was carried to the king: nor was there any end of the miseries he brought upon them; and this distress was in part occasioned by the covetousness of the prince regnant, who was still in want of more, and in part by the Sabbatic year, which was still going on, and forced the country to lie still uncultivated, since we are forbidden to sow our land in that year. Now when Antony had received Antigonus as his captive, he determined to keep him against his triumph; but when he heard that the nation grew seditious, and that out of their hatred to Herod they continued to bear good will to Antigonus, he resolved to behead him at Antioch, for otherwise the Jews could no way be brought to be quiet. And Strabo of Cappadocia attests to what I have said, when he thus speaks: "Antony ordered Antigonus the Jew to be brought to Antioch, and there to be beheaded and this Antony seems to me to have been the very first inan who beheaded a king, as supposing he could no other way bend the minds of the Jews, so as to receive Herod, whom he had made king in his stead, for by no torments could they be forced to call him king, so great fondness they had to their former king; so he thought that this dishonourable death would diminish the value they had for Antigonus's memory, and at the same time would diminish their hatred they bare to Herod." Thus far Strabo.

:

How Hyrcanus was set at liberty by the Parthians, and returned to Herod; and what Alexandra did, when she heard that Ananelus was made high-priest.

1. Now after Herod was in possession of the kingdom, Hyrcanus the high-priest, who was then a captive among the Parthians, came to him again, and was set free from his captivity, in the manner following: Barzapharnes and Pacorus, the generals of the Parthians, took Hyrcanus, who was first made high-priest, and afterward king, and Herod's brother, Phasaelus, captives, and were carrying them away into Parthia. Phasaelus indeed could not bear the reproach of being in bonds; and thinking that death, with glory, was better than any life whatsoever, he became his own executioner, as I have formerly related.

2. But when Hyrcanus was brought into Parthia, the king, Phraates, treated him after a very gentle manner, as having already learned of what an illustrious family he was; on which account he set him free from his bonds, and gave him an habitation at * Babylon, where there were Jews in great numbers. These Jews honoured Hyrcanus as their high-priest, and king; as did all the Jewish nation that dwelt as far as Euphrates: which respect was very much to his satisfaction. But when he was informed that Herod had received the kingdom, new hopes came upon him, as having been himself still of a kind disposition towards him; and expecting that Herod would bear in mind what favour he had received from him, and when he was upon his trial, and when he was in danger that a capital sentence would be pronounced against him, he delivered him from that danger, and from all punishment. Accordingly he talked of that matter with the Jews that came often to him with great affection; but they endeavoured to retain him among them, and desired that he would stay with them, putting him in mind of the kind offices and honours they did-him, and that those honours they paid him were not at all inferior to what they could pay either to their high-priests or their kings; and what was a greater motive to determine him, they said, was this, that he could not have those dignities [in Judea,] because of that maim in his body, which had been inflicted on him by Antigonus; and that kings do not use to requite men for those kindnesses which they received when they were private persons, the height of their fortune making usually no small changes in them.

3. Now, although they suggested these arguments to him for his own advantage, yet did Hyrcanus still desire to depart. Herod also wrote to him, and persuaded him to desire of Phraates, and the Jews that were there, that they should not grudge him the royal authority, which he should have jointly with himself, for that now was the proper time for himself to make him amends for the favours he had received from him, as having been brought up by him, and saved by him also, as well as for Hyrcanus to receive it.

The city here called Babylon by Josephus, seems to be one which was built by some of the Seleucidae upon the Tigris, which, long after the utter desolation of old Babyion, was commonly so called, and I suppose not far from Seleucia; just as the latter adjoining city Bagdat has been, and is often called by the same old name of Babylon, till this very day.

And as he wrote this to Hyrcanus, so did he send also Saramallas, his ambassador, to Phraates, and many presents with him, and desired him, in the most obliging way, that he would be no hindrance to his gratitude towards his benefactor. But this zeal of Herod's did not flow from that principle, but because he had been made governor of that country, without having any just claim to it, he was afraid, and that upon reasons good enough, of a change in his condition, and so made what haste he could to get Hyrcanus into his power, or indeed to put him quite out of the way; which last thing he compassed afterward.

4. Accordingly, when Hyrcanus came, full of assurance, by the permission of the king of Parthia, and at the expense of the Jews, who supplied him with money, Herod received him with all possible respect, and gave him the upper place at public meetings, and set him above all the rest at feasts, and thereby deceived him. He called him his father and endeavoured by all the ways possible, that he might have no suspicion of any treacherous design against him. He also did other things in order to secure his government, which yet occasioned a sedition in his own family; for being cautious how he made any illustrious person the highpriest of God, he sent for an obscure priest out of Babylon, whose name was Ananelus, and bestowed the high-priesthood upon him.

*

5. However, Alexandra, the daughter of Hyrcanus, and wife of Alexander, the son of Aristobulus the king, who had also brought Alexander [two] children, could not bear this indignity. Now this son was one of the greatest comeliness, and was called Aristobulus; and the daughter, Mariamne, was married to Herod, and eminent for her beauty

*Here we have an eminent example of Herod's worldly and profane politics, when by the abu e of his unlawful and usurped power, to make whom he pleased high-prie t, in the person of Ananelus, he occasioned such di turbances in his kingdom, and in his own family, as suffered him to enjoy no lasting peace or tranquillity ever afterward and such is frequently the effect of profane court politics about matters of religion in other ages and nations. The Old Testament is full of the miseries of the people of the Jews derived froin such court politics, especially in and after the days of Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin; who gave the most pernicious example of it; who brought on the grossest corruption of religion by it and the punishment of whose family for it was most remarkable. The case is too well known to stand in need of particular citations.

also. This Alexandra was much disturbed, and took this indignity offered to her son exceeding ill, that while he was alive any one else should be sent for to have the dignity of the high-priesthood conferred upon him. Accordingly she wrote to Cleopatra (a musician assisting her, taking care to have her letters carried,) to desire her intercession with Antony, in order to gain the high-priesthood for her son.

6. But as Antony was slow in granting this request, his friend Dellius came into Judea upon some affairs, and when he saw Aristobulus, he stood in admiration at the tallness and handsomeness of the child, and no less at Mariamne, the king's wife, and was open in his commendations of Alexandra, as the mother of most beautiful children: and when she came to discourse with him, he persuaded her to get pictures drawn of them both, and to send them to Antony, for that when he saw them, he would deny her nothing that she should ask. Accordingly Alexandra was elevated with these words of his, and sent the pictures to Antony. Dellius also talked extravagantly, and said, "that these children seemed not derived from men, but from some god or other.” His design in doing so was to entice Antony into lewd pleasures with them, who was ashamed to send for the damsel, as being the wife of Herod, and avoided it, because of the reproaches he should have from Cleopatra on that account, but he sent, in the most decent manner he could, for the young man; but added this withall," Unless he thought it hard upon him so to do." When this letter was brought to Herod, he did not think it safe for him to send one so handsome as was Aristobulus, in the prime of his life, for he was sixteen years of age, and of so noble a family, and particularly not to Antony, the principal man among the Romans, and one that would abuse him in his amours, and besides, one that openly indulged himself in such pleasures, as his power allowed him, without control. He therefore wrote back to him, that "if this boy should only go out of the country, all would be in a state of war and uproar, because the Jews were in hopes of a change in the government, and to have another king over them."

7. When Herod had thus excused himself to Antony, he resolved that he would not entirely permit the child, or Alexandra, to be treated dishonourably: but his wife Mari

* Of this wicked Dellius, see the note on the War, B. i. chap.

મે.

amne lay vehemently at him to restore the high-priesthood to her brother, and he judged it was for his advantage so to do, because if he once had that dignity he could not go out of the country. So he called his friends together, and told them, that "Alexandra privately conspired against his royal authority, and endeavoured by the means of Cleopatra, so to bring it about, that he might be deprived of the government, and that by Antony's means this youth might have the management of public affairs in his stead; and that their procedure of her's was unjust, since she would at the same time deprive her daughter of the dignity she now had, and would bring disturbances upon the kingdom, for which he had taken a great deal of pains, and had gotten it with extraordinary hazards: that yet, while he well remembered her wicked practices, he would not leave off doing what was right himself, but would even now give the youth the highpriesthood; and that he formerly set up Ananelus, because Aristobulus was then so very young a child." Now when he had said this, not at random, but as he thought with the best discretion he had, in order to deceive the women, and those friends whom he had taken to consult withall, Alexandra, out of the great joy she had at this unexpected promise, and out of fear from the suspicions.she lay under, fell a weeping; and made the following apology for herself, and said, that" as to the [high] priesthood, she was very much concerned for the disgrace her son was under, and so did her utmost endeavours to procure it for him, but that as to the kingdom, she had made no attempts, and that if it were offered her [for her son,] she would not accept it; and that now she would be satisfied with her son's dignity, while he himself held the civil government, and she had thereby the security that arose from his peculiar ability in governing, to all the remainder of her family; that she was now overcome by his benefits, and thankfully accepted of this honour showed by him to her son, and that she would hereafter be entirely obedient: and she desired him to excuse her, if the nobility of her family, and that freedom of acting which she thought that allowed her, had made her act too precipitately and imprudently in this matter." So when they had spoken thus to one another, they came to an agreement, and all suspicions, so far as appeared, were vanished away.