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and ought not to be there. In No. I cartouche sign No. 7 must be S, because it ends the name which in Greek ends with S. Thus from these two cartouches we may collect twelve characters of the Egyptian alphabet, viz., A, AI, E, K, K, L, M, O, P, R, S, T. Now let us take another cartouche from the Description de l'Egypte, t. III. pl. 38, No. 13, and try The name to make it out; it reads :

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The name
Berenice.

Now signs Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8, we know from cartouches Nos. I and 2, and we may write down their values thus:

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ΑΛ. ΣΕ.. ΤΡ.

The only Greek name which contains these letters in this order is Alexander, therefore let us assign to the signs.

,, and, the value of K, N and S respectively. We find on examination that the whole group corresponds, letter for letter, with the group which stands in the demotic text of a papyrus in the place of the Greek name ΑΛΕΧΑΝΔΡΟΣ. We have, then, gained three new phonetic signs K, N, and S, and have determined the value of fifteen in all.

Again, let us take the cartouche of another lady :—

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Now signs Nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 we know, and we may write them down thus::

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The only female name which contains these letters in this order is that of Berenice, and to and

assign the values B and K respectively.
gained two more signs.

we may therefore

Thus we have

If we take two other cartouches, viz. :

and

A

we find that we are able to read the first at once KAISRS, which is clearly Kaioapos or Caesar; in the second the only sign we do not know is @. Writing down the values we know we have A.TAKRTR, which is clearly AUтократоp; thus the value of the second character must be U. In this manner Champollion worked through the names of all the Ptolemies and the Roman Emperors, and eventually succeeded in making out the value of one hundred and eleven signs. At the foot of Plate I., in his Lettre à Monsieur Dacier, he writes his own name in hieroglyphics thus :

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The following are the letters of the Egyptian alphabet with their values as now accepted by Egyptologists :—

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OPINIONS OF EGYPTOLOGISTS ON THE LABOURS OF
YOUNG AND CHAMPOLLION.

In favour of Young.
The first idea of certain hiero-
glyphics being intended to represent
sounds was suggested by Dr. Young,
who, from the names of Ptolemy
and Berenice, had pointed out nine,
which have since proved to be
correct; the former taken from the
Rosetta inscription, and the latter
deduced with singular ingenuity
from the enchorial of the same
monument. [M. Champollion fils
seems to be unwilling to allow this:
but the fact is evident; and surely
he has accomplished too much to
stand in need of assuming to him-
self the merits of another. Note 1,
p. 1.] Working upon this basis,
M. Champollion, with happy suc-
cess, made out four or five others,
as also about thirty synonymes;
and by the ingenious application of
these, the merit of which is all his
own, he has been able to turn to
effect the discovery, and to decipher
therewith a great number of the
names of the Ptolemies and of the
Roman emperors. . . . . -SALT,
H., Essay on Dr. Young's and
M. Champollion's Phonetic System
of Hieroglyphics; London, 1825.

Amidst this mass of error and contradiction, the application of the phonetic principle by Young, in 1818, had all the merit of an original discovery . . . . . . and it was only by a comparison of the three kinds of writing that he traced the name of Ptolemy up in his own way,

In favour of Champollion.

His [Young's] translations, however, are below criticism, being as unfounded as those of Kircher. How far even, in the decipherment, he proceeded correctly, may be doubted. . . . But even here [in interpretation] there is much too incorrect in principle to be of real use; much of it is beneath criticism. -BIRCH, Hieroglyphs, p. 196.

It is even to this day a common habit of Englishmen to couple the name of their countryman, Dr. Thomas Young, with that of Champollion, as sharing with him the glory of this discovery. No person who knows anything of Egyptian philology can countenance so gross an error . . . . . . But it is not true that he discovered the key to the decipherment of hieroglyphics, or even that his labours assisted Champollion in the discovery. When the key was once discovered and recognized as the true one, it was found that one or two of Young's results were correct. But there was nothing in his method or theory by which he or anyone else could distinguish between his right and his wrong results, or which could lead him or anyone else a single step in advance. If anyone has a right to be named in conjunction with Champollion, it is not Young, but Akerblad, to whom he does full justice (as he does indeed to Young himself) at the very beginning of his letter to M. Dacier. -RENOUF, Hibbert Lectures; London, 1880, pp. 12-16.

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In favour of Champollion. Sæculi enim hujus et initium usque quum cognitio hieroglyphorum, quibus veteres Aegyptii in sacra dialecto scribenda utebantur, densissimis tenebris scateret, ita quidem ut fere omnia, quæ antea vel eruditissimi homines summo ingenii acumine explorasse sibi visi sunt, si hodie forte legimus risum vix tenere possimus: hoc lapide detecto postquam omnium animi ad spem enucleandi tandem istud monstruosum et perplexum per tot sæcula quasi involucris involutorum genus signorum arrecti sunt, unus vir Champollio Francogallus exstitit, qui mira sagacitate incredibilique studio adjutus totam hieroglyphorum rationem nulla fere parte relicta luce clarius explanavit et exposuit. BRUGSCH, Inscriptio Rosettana; Berlin, 1851, pp. I, 2.

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Unabhängig von Young kam gleichzeitig ein junger französischer Gelehrter, François Champollion, zu der gleichen Vermutung und ihm war es beschieden, sogleich ein völlig richtiges Resultat zu erhalten. -ERMAN, Aegypten, p. 14.

....

Young, qui, le premier, fit l'application du principe phonétique à la lecture des hiéroglyphes. Cette idée fut, dans la réalité, le fat lux de la science. . . . . Toutefois, malgré quelques succès remarquables, Young ne sut pas la féconder; il avait bien reconnu dans les hiéroglyphes les noms de Ptolémée et de Bérénice, mais sans réussir à assigner à chacun des signes qui les composent leur véritable valeur; ses autres lectures sont fausses, quoiqu'il ait rencontré juste dans la détermination de la valeur

In favour of Young.

diesen scharfsinnigen und völlig richtigen Schluss machte und wenigstens für einige Zeichen des Namens den Lautwert feststellte. ERMAN, Aegypten, p. 14.

Der erste, der es that und von dem richtigen Grundsatze ausging, dass die Königsnamen alphabetisch geschrieben sein müssten.....war der berühmte englische Physiker Thomas Young (geboren 1773). Er erkannte in der häufigsten in dem Dekret von Rosette vorkommenden Gruppe den Namen Ptolemäus, er vermochte ein später zum grossen Teile bestätigtes hieroglyphisches Alphabet aufzustellen und sie über das System der ägyptischen

Schrift vollkommen richtige Ansichten zu bilden. So haben wir denn in Young den eigentlichen Entzifferer der ägyptischen Schrift zu sehen, wenn es ihm auch nicht gelang, der Sprache selbst Herr zu werden. WIEDEMANN, Aegypt

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ische Geschichte, p. 29.

In the first work of Champollion, his essay De l'Ecriture hiératique des Anciens Egyptiens, published in 1821, he recognized the existence of only the first of these three ways of representing words, supposing that all the Egyptian characters represented ideas. When he discovered the erroneousness of this opinion, he used all possible efforts to suppress the work in which he had stated it. That work, however, contained a valuable discovery. . .

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Wenn wir die Frage so stellen : Wer hat zuerst einige hieroglyphische Zeichen in ihrem Lautwerthe

richtig bestimmt? oder besser gesagt, zufällig errathen, so müssen wir antworten: das war Th. Young; den Schlüssel zur Entzifferung der Hieroglyphenschrift jedoch hat er nicht gefunden. François Champollion, geb. den 23. December 1790, gest. den 4. März 1832, er ist es, den die Wissenschaft der Aegyptologie in dankbarer Verehrung als ihren eigentlichen Begründer nennt .-DÜMICHEN, Geschichte des alten Aegypiens, Berlin, 1878, s. 304.

Zwei grosse Männer, in England der auf vielen Gebieten des Wissens ausgezeichnete Thomas Young, in Frankreich François Champollion, begaben sich zu gleicher Zeit, aber unabhängig von einander, an die Arbeit. Beider Bemühungen lohnte schöner Erfolg. Champollion aber wird mit Recht vor seinem britischen Rivalen als Entzifferer der

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