volume contains the text? and vignettes which were ably drawn by Madame Naville, and the second contains the variants. In a small quarto volume published a few months later, we have four chapters in which are discussed the Theban edition of the Book of the Dead, its history, its importance and the manner in which it was written ; the description of the texts used by M. Naville, remarks on each chapter of the Book of the Dead, and a list of the chapters in hieroglyphics. The texts of the Theban recension contain many corrupt readings, but it is of the greatest importance to have the material at hand from which a critical edition may one day be made, and M. Naville has rendered invaluable service to the science of Egyptology by bringing it together.?

Among the most valuable publications of texts of the Recent Theban recension of the Book of the Dead must be mentioned,

printed

copies of Photographs of the Papyrus of Nebseniin the British Museum, texts. 1876, fol.; Facsimile of the Papyrus of Ani (published by the Trustees of the British Museum, 1890, fol.); Papyrus Funéraire de Nebset, ed. Pierret, 1872; and the papyrus of Shuti-Qenna, by Leemans, Papyrus Egyptien Funéraire Hiéroglyphique du Musée à Leide, 1882, Livraison 5, Part III.

A useful example of a hieroglyphic text of the Book of the Dead not earlier than the XXVIth dynasty, is that which Lepsius published in 1842 from a papyrus in Turin; the text is full of blunders and difficulties but, notwithstanding this fact, the work is a standard one for reference, and is of considerable value. Of hieratic texts belonging to a period subsequent to the XXVIth dynasty, the copy published by De Rougé is an excellent example.* An English translation of the Book of the Dead was Transla

tions of the published by Birch in the English edition of Bunsen's Egypt's Book of Place in Universal History, Vol. V, pp. 161–333, and a French the Dead. translation by Pierret, entitled Le Livre des Morts des Anciens

M. Naville bases his text chiefly upon British Museum Papyrus 9,900, and the papyri which he calls Ca and Pb.

2 See the review of this work by Maspero in Revue de l'Histoire des Religions, Paris, 1887, pp. 263-315.

3 B.M. No. 9900.
* Rituel Funéraire des Anciens Egyptiens, Paris, 1861, sol.

of the Book of

Egyptiens, appeared in Paris, in 1882 ; both these were, how-
ever, made from the text of the Turin papyrus. A German
translation of the first fifteen chapters was published by
Brugsch in Aeg. Zeitschrift, 1872, pp. 65–72, 129-134, and
specially interesting chapters have been discussed by Birch,"
Maspero,' Lefébure, Guieysse, Pierret,and others. A number
of “supplementary” chapters were published by Pleyte (Cha-
pitres supplémentaires du Livre des Morts, 162, 162*, 164-174)
with translation and commentary, at Leyden in 1881, and
Schiaparelli has translated and commented upon a large por-
tion of one of the Books of the Dead in Il libro dei funerali

degli antichi Egisiani."
Antiquity The age of the Book of the Dead is unknown, but it is

certain that parts of it are as old as the beginning of Egyptian the Dead. civilization, and Theban tradition in Egypt asserted that the

-
fifth king of the Ist dynasty; the 64th chapter is variously
stated to belong to the time of this king and to that
of Men-kau-Rā (Mycerinus) of the IVth dynasty.8 The
178th chapter must also be at least as old as the time of this
last king, because it is inscribed on the cover of his wooden
coffin, which is now preserved in the British Museum (ist
Egyptian Room, No. 6647). The oldest chapters appear to
have been composed at Heliopolis, the great sanctuary and
home of religious learning in Egypt, which was to the

| A complete list of the words in this papyrus is to be found in Lieblein, Index Alphabétique, Paris, 1875.

2 The Chapter of the Pillow, Aeg. Zeit., 1868, p. 52; the Chapter of the Heart, ibid., 1880, p. 56 ; and the Chapter of the Tie, ibid.

3 Le Chapitre de la Boucle, in Mémoire sur quelques Pafyrus du Louvre,
Paris, 1875.

4 Les yeux d' Horus, Paris, 1874.
6 Rituel funéraire Egyptien, Paris, 1876.
6 Etudes Egyptologiques, p. 85.

i Estratto dal Volume VIII delle Memorie della R. Accademia dei Lincei,
Torino, 1882 and 1890.

8 Naville, Einleitung, p. 31.

9 I am aware that doubts have been thrown upon the age of this cover by a French writer, but it seems to me that the appearance and condition of the wood preclude any possibility of the theory that this cover was “restored” at a later period of Egyptian history being correct.

Egyptians what Jerusalem was to the Jews and Mecca is to
the Mussulmans. The growth in the length of the chapters
and the increase in their number was probably slow but
sure ; and that revisions should take place from time to time
is only what was to be expected.
The commonest name for the Book of the Dead in

Egyptian is E 2}s [T] Ş. opert em hru, which is generally translated by “coming forth, or going out, by day;” this was probably only a conventional name, and may account for the difficulty which scholars have had in agreeing

spirit.” (Naville, Einleitung, p. 24.) The author of the Book
of the Dead was said to be the god Thoth.
The Book of the Dead is composed of a series of chapters,"
each one of which formed a distinct composition, which could
be added to or omitted from a papyrus according to the
wish of those who were causing a copy to be made.” Cham-
pollion divided the book into three parts:–chapters 1–15,
16–125, and 126 to the end ; but had this scholar lived to
devote more time and attention to the subject he would have
seen that these divisions” were purely arbitrary.
The Book of the Dead treats of the dead man's journey
through Amenti, and in it he speaks to the incorporeal gods
and beings who reside there, uttering the formulae which will
deliver him from the foes who wish to impede his progress,
reciting prayers, and chanting hymns to the great gods, with
all of whom these compositions were supposed to enable him

Egyptian name of the Book of the Dead.

Materials of which pillows are made.

Ornamentation of pillows.

to prevail. It contains texts which were ordered to be inscribed upon amulets and bandages for the benefit of the dead; it contains a plan of the mummy chamber and the arrangement of certain pieces of furniture in it; it contains the text of the confession of the deceased in the presence of the fortytwo assessors, and the scene of the weighing of the heart in the judgment hall of Osiris; it has a representation of the Elysian Fields, etc. In our limited space here it is impossible to give the briefest summary of the chapters of the Book of the Dead and their contents; the above notes are only intended to indicate the best books and chief authorities on a work which is so often referred to in these pages.

PILLOWS.

The pillows X, which the Egyptians were accustomed to put under the heads of mummies were made of wood (sycamore generally), granite, alabaster and calcareous stone. They vary from six to ten inches in height, and are often made in three pieces, viz., the curved neck-piece, the column and base. The column is usually round or square, and the base is oblong. The neck-piece is sometimes supported by two columns or pillars, fluted (B.M. No. 17,102), but it may be joined to the base by six supports (B.M. No. 2543), or even by twenty-one (B.M. No. 18, 155). Pillows are made also in the shape of animals, e.g., B.M. No. 20,753, which is in the shape of a stag, the horns being curved downwards to form the neck-piece. Neck-pieces and columns are sometimes ornamented with ivory studs (B.M. No. 2541). The base is frequently dispensed with, and the supports are made in the form of the necks of ducks, the ends terminating in their heads and beaks. Such examples have usually the ends of the neck-piece ornamented with carvings of figures of the god Bes (B.M. No. 18,156), and sometimes with grotesque figures (apes?) wearing plumes, and being led along by chains (B.M. No. 2256c). Such animals greatly resemble those represented on the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser II. The column of a wooden pillow is ornamented in various ways, and the name of the deceased is often written upon it in hieratic or hieroglyphics. One example (B.M. No. 2529a) is inscribed with lion