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in the renewed life after death, which was typified by the Sun, who renewed his life daily.

tion of

scarab.

Among funereal scarabs must be mentioned those of Descripgreen basalt, which were specially made to be laid upon funereal the breasts of mummies. Of this class there are many varieties, but the form most approved by the Egyptians seems to have consisted of a scarab of fine, hard basalt, let into a gold border, to which was attached a fine gold wire for hanging round the neck. The folds of the wings of the beetles were indicated either by lines of gold painted on the back, or by pieces of gold inlaid therein. Occasionally, the scarab itself is let into a mount of solid gold (B.M. No. 7876), and sometimes the scarab is joined to a heart, and pierced for suspension, the heart being ornamented with hieroglyphics meaning “life, stability, and protection "

(B.M. No. 7925). On the back of the scarab we at times have a figure of a bennu bird and the inscription 98 ง "the mighty heart of Rā" (B.M. No. 7878),

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at others the boat of the Sun, ut'ats, the bennu or phoenix, and Rā (B.M. No. 7883); and sometimes the scarab is human-headed (B.M. Nos. 15,516 and 7999). One instance is known where the back of the scarab is ornamented with incised figures of Greek deities (B.M. No. 7966). In late times this class of scarab was made of blue and green faïence, and inserted in pectorals of the same material, upon which were painted the boat of the sun, and figures of Isis and Nephthys, one at each end of the boat; the scarab occupied the middle of the boat (B.M. Nos. 7864 and 7865). The bases of large funereal scarabs were usually inscribed with the text of the 30th chapter of the Book of the Dead, but this was not always the case. Some scarabs have only scenes of the deceased adoring Osiris (B.M. No. 7931), and others figures of Osiris, Isis, and Nephthys (B.M. Nos. 7930, 15,500 and 15,507). At times Descripthe inscriptions are merely written with gold or ink (B.M. funereal Nos. 7915 and 15,518). As such scarabs formed part of scarabs. the stock-in-trade of the Egyptian undertaker, the names

tion of

The

chapters of the heart.

of the persons with whom they were buried are not found inscribed upon them, although blank spaces are left (B.M. No. 7877); frequently scarabs have neither figures nor inscriptions upon their bases. A remarkable example of funereal scarab is B.M. No. 18,190, which was taken from the mummy of Thothmes III., found at Dêr el-Bahari. This object is made of steatite, glazed a greenish (purple in some places) colour. A frame of gold runs round the base, the two sides of which are joined by a band of the same metal across the back; a thin layer of gold covered the back, but parts of this are hidden by the remains of the mummy cloth which adhere to it. The base is inscribed with a figures of Thothmes III., kneeling; on his head is the crown, in the right hand he holds the whip, and with the left he is making an offering. Before him is a dog (?) seated, and behind him a hawk. Above is the sign nefer, and the legend "Rã-men-cheper, triumphant before the gods for ever."

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The surface of the base was covered with a layer of gold, parts of which still remain. This scarab is 3 inches long. On the upper end of the gold frame was a loop by which the scarab, by means of a chain, was attached to a bronze collar round the neck of the mummy.

The chapter from the Book of the Dead called 30B by M. Naville (Das Aegyptische Todtenbuch, pl. xliii.), engraved upon scarabs, is one of a series of seven chapters, relating to the heart, which are entitled :

Chap. 26. Chapter of giving a heart to N. in the underworld.

Chaps. 27, 28 and 29. Chapter of not allowing his heart to be carried off from him in the underworld.

Chap. 29B. Another chapter of a heart of carnelian.

Chaps. 30A and 30B. Chapter of not allowing to be repulsed the heart of N. in the underworld. According to a papyrus in Berlin, Ba in Naville's edition, chap. 26 is entitled "Chapter of a heart of lapis-lazuli (

1 N. =name of the person for whom the scarab or papyrus was made.

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chesbet)"; chap. 27, "Chapter of a heart of opal (?),
(neshem)"; chap. 29 B, "Chapter of a heart of
carnelian (?) (¦ sehert)"; and chap. 30B, "Chapter of a
heart of green jasper (
meht)." The most im-
portant of these chapters is the 30th, which exists in two
different versions, called 30A and 30B, but it appears that
the former was never inscribed upon scarabs. According
to the rubric found in a papyrus at Parma (see Naville,
Todtenbuch, Bd. ii. bl. 99), this chapter was found during the
reign of Mycerinus in Hermopolis, under the feet of the
majesty of this god, by Heru-ța-ṭā-f his son.

2

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this,{ was] it

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Hermopolis under the feet of the majesty of god this, {[inscribed}

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The chapter

of the heart.

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According to some copies of the 30th, or 64th chapter, ' at the end of which this statement is sometimes added, it was found during the reign of Hesep-ti, the fifth king of the first dynasty.

Chapter 30 B belongs to the Psychostasia, in which the heart of the dead man is weighed against the feather, B, emblematic of Law; in the vignette which sometimes accompanies this chapter, the deceased is seen being weighed against his own heart, in the presence of Osiris, the pointer of the scales being watched by the cynocephalus ape of Thoth. The text of this chapter, found upon scarabs with many variants, is as follows:-"

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} in the underworld. Says he, “O Heart mine of

1 Goodwin, On a text of the Book of the Dead belonging to the Old Kingdom,

in Aeg. Zeitschrift, 1866, p. 55; Lepsius, Das Todtenbuch, p. 12.

2 Naville, Das Todtenbuch, bl. xliii.

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