point in their career, the SP being taken to represent either Spectatus (approved), Spectator or Spectavit (one who watched instead of fighting), or Spectavit (intransitively, 'made his trial'). Wall-cases 112-119 contain Defensive Armour. [For weapons, see the adjoining Table-case E, described below, p. 136.] The development of the Greek Corinthian helmet is shown in cases 112115. The Italian forms of the helmet are in cases 116-119. Four of the helmets have inscriptions. One, in case 114 appears to have been dedicated to the Olympian Zeus. No 251 was Corinthian spoil, dedicated to Zeus by the Argives, probably in the middle of the 5th century B.C. 250. Bronze Etruscan helmet, with a Greek inscription recording that it was dedicated to Zeus by Hiero, son of Deinomenes (i.e. Hiero I., of Syracuse), and the Syracusans, as Tyrrhenian (booty) BIARONOAEINOMENEOS Ἱάρων ὁ Δεινομένεος καὶ τοὶ Συρακόσιοι τῷ Δὶ Τύρ(ρ)αν' ἀπὸ Κύμας. The from Kyme. This helmet was found at Olympia, and is a relic of the battle fought at Kymè (Cumae, near Naples), in 474 B.C. people of Kyme were hard pressed by the Etruscans, who had command of the sea. Hiero came to their aid and broke the Etruscan sea power, the battle of Kymè marking the turning point in the political history of Etruria. Among the greaves etc., note a pair of very early greaves from Enkomi in Cyprus; and (249) a pair of greaves with archaic Gorgons in relief and incised. [Wall-cases 1-24. See below, p. 143.] Wall-cases 25-29. Remains of ancient furniture. In particular, a fine set of mules' heads from the arms of couches. The principal object is a richly-inlaid bronze and silver seat (2561) presented by Sir William Hamilton in 1784. The woodwork seat has been restored, and not altogether correctly. The seat ought to be a couch, and the carved pieces, terminating in mules' heads, ought to be fixed above, to support the cushions. Other fine examples of such mules' head supports are shown in the case. The leg of a finely-carved wooden chair from Kertch is also exhibited. Two tripods are constructed to fold up. One example is also adjustable in height. Wall-case 30. Candelabra, large and small. The Candelabra, which are in many cases of tall and graceful shape, are mainly derived from Herculaneum and Pompeii. Wall-cases 31, 32. Methods of lighting. The collection consists chiefly of lamps of various forms and materials, principally in bronze. Some of the shapes are beautiful, and others are fantastic. The finest lamps, in an artistic sense, are in the Bronze room. Case 32 also contains a lantern in good preservation, and the tops of two others. These are illustrated by a caricature of a quailcatcher going out with his lantern. Here, also, are hooks for hanging lamps, a lamp-feeder, and stands for lamps. Wall-cases 33-36. These cases contain objects connected with the preparation and consumption of food. Cooking implements of various forms, such as saucepans and frying-pans; ladles (including one folding ladle from Amathus); moulds shaped as shells; graters, strainers, a filter; a wooden eggwhisk; stamps for cakes; spoons of various forms; also remains of actual foods-corn, fruits and bread-from Pompeii. Wall-case 37. Objects connected with the Bath, such as the strigils, or scrapers, used for scraping off oil and sweat, and oilflasks. Wall-cases 38, 39. Objects connected with water-supply and fountains. These include parts of two double-cylindered force-pumps. They differ slightly between themselves, but both are based on the system invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria. The two plungers in the cylinders were worked with a reciprocating motion by means of a rocking beam now lost. They alternately draw in water through valves at the bottom of the cylinder, and force it into the vertical pipe in the middle, from which a continuous delivery is obtained. In the one case the valves are simple flap-valves-called by the Greeks assaria, farthings, from their obvious resemblance to coins. In the other, they are the more advanced spindle valves, in the form of cones, which fall back into their seats by their own weight. Double pumps, worked on this principle, were used as fire-engines. Found among the remains of a foundry at Bolsena. Here, also, are pieces of leaden pipes, bronze taps of excellent construction fitted in leaden pipes, and bronze fountain jets. Below are examples of bricks used for supporting the hollow pavement of the Roman hot air chambers in the baths; flues for conveying hot air, and specimens of drain-pipes. Here, also, are a bronze grating for catching rain-water, from the Mausoleum, and a terracotta gargoyle, probably from Pompeii. Wall-cases 41-44. Weights, scales, and steelyards. = The weights are of several series. The most important are (1), early haematite weights from Enkomi (8th cent. B.C.?); (2), the Attic Mina (mean weight 6,737 grains 15.4 oz. avoirdupois), and its parts; (3), the Roman Libra or pound (mean weight 5,050 grains 11 oz. avoirdupois), with its parts and multiples. See also a singular type of weights (mainly from Cnidos) in the form of a pair of breasts. = Among the scales, with equally-balanced pans, some folding examples may be seen. A small instrument of ivory appears to be intended to test the weight of some denomination of coin. The steelyards are based on the principle of a weight sliding along a long arm, suitably graduated, so as to make a counterpoise to the object to be weighed, suspended from the short arm. On the left of the case is a cast of a relief with a scene in a cutler's shop, from the sepulchral altar of Cornelius Atimetus and Cornelius Epaphra, in the Galleria Lapidaria of the Vatican (No. 147). Wall-cases 45, 46. Tools and implements, such as axes, chisels, saws, and a collection of nails. Also masons' squares and plummets. Wall-cases 46-48. Building materials and accessories. The accessories include such objects as hinges, dowels, cramps, doorpivots and sockets. Among the building materials are stamped tiles, with magistrates' names impressed on them. In the case of a tile stamped with the name of Apollodorus, the footprints of a dog may be noticed. A select series of typical specimens of marbles and other materials is a part of the collection formed by Mr. Henry Tolley, and bequeathed by Mrs. Aldworth. With these are fragments of engraved and gilded crystal and sardonyx, examples of the sumptuous wall-lining sometimes employed in imperial times. The examples of less costly materials include reliefs in stucco; stamped bricks of the empire; specimens of fresco, mosaic, and shell decoration. In one instance the fresco is an imitation of mosaic. On the right of the case is a cast of a relief showing a cutler's forge, also from the sepulchral altar mentioned above. Wall-cases 50-51. Objects connected with horses. The model horses in Case 50 wear headstalls of primitive Italian work, probably about the 8th century B.C. Wall-case 51. The actual remains of horse-muzzles, bits, and iron shoes; axle-boxes and other portions of a large bronze chariot, inlaid with silver; small figures of chariots, and a curious terracotta of a four-wheeled, two-horse car. Wall-case 52. Agricultural life. The specimens include actual examples of various implements, such as bronze ploughshares of the Mycenaean age from Enkomi, in Cyprus; and iron implements such as a sickle, a bill-hook, a mattock, a hoe, and a shepherd's crook. The representations include a terracotta model of a farmer's cart, and of a wine cart; black figure vases and bronze statuettes with scenes of ploughing and sowing, and of an olive harvest; terracotta reliefs of a wine-press, and of treading the grapes. A marble relief (2212) shows the process of boiling down the new wine or must. Wall-cases 53, 54. Shipping. A terracotta vase shows a figure of a woman seated on the prow of a trireme. A cast from a relief at Athens shows the rowers of a trireme seated in their places. Among the examples of shipping is a series of terracotta boats from Amathus which recall the legend that Kinyras, the king of Amathus, in the time of the Trojan War, sent to Troy terracotta models of ships as the fleet which he had promised to Agamemnon. The largest of the fleet shows a considerable amount of detail, such as the socket for the mast and the arrangement of the thwarts; it also has the remains of an iron steering paddle. This case also contains a war galley from Corinth, with armed warriors seated in it. In Case 54 is the metal casing of the prow of a galley from the site of the battle of Actium. Presented by H.M. Queen Victoria. Wall-cases 55, 56. Music. The instruments include a lyre of sycamore wood and tortoise-shell from Athens; a pair of wooden flutes also from Athens; a bronze flute from Halicarnassos, and a pair of bronze flutes from Italy; see also cymbals, bells, and trumpets. The vases E 171, E 172, have school scenes. In each case a music lesson is in progress, and the pupil who is not engaged plays with a dog behind the master's chair. Wall-cases 58-64. A small series of objects, illustrating the burial customs of the ancients. Mycenaean Period. Specimens of the gold mouthpieces and diadems placed on the faces of the dead. [See more elaborate examples, also from Enkomi, in the Gold Ornament Room.] Greek Period. A plain stelè, with an archaic metrical epitaph of Idagygos of Halicarnassos; a typical Athenian columnar stelè of Menestratos; a large urn from Athens which contained calcined bones and fragments of cloth. The obol for the ferryman Charon, which was put in the mouth of the corpse, may be seen adhering to a piece of the jawbone. The sepulchral lekythi were intended to hold offerings to be made at the grave, and often, as on two of the vases here shown, have representations of a tomb with the vases placed at its foot. A marble urn (No. 2400) inscribed Burying-place of those buried apart,' appears to mark off a particular division of a cemetery. Two marble chests from Ephesus are in the form of boxes, with lock-plates. on Early Italian Period. See two primitive hut urns from Monte Albano; an urn for ashes, approximately of human form, a chair; an Etruscan urn, in the form of a dead person, recumbent on a bed. Roman Period. No. 2274 is a Roman sepulchral relief of the 1st century B.C. Aurelius Hermia, a butcher of the Viminal Hill, and his wife, Aurelia Philematium, stand with their right hands raised and clasped. In the verses on the left of the stone Aurelius, speaking in the first person, describes the good qualities of his wife; on the right Aurelia is the speaker, and commends the kindness of her husband. The small tablet with the name of Publius Sontius Philostorgus is one of a very limited class. It is derived from the monument known as the Tomb of the Thirty-six Partners' on the Latin way. It would seem that the niches in the Columbarium were distributed among the members by drawing lots, and that at the first drawing Philostorgus was assigned a place in the third block. Wall-cases 63, 64. Roman sepulchral urns in marble and alabaster. No. 2359, the sepulchral chest of a child called C. Sergius Alcimus, gives curious details as to his rations of public corn. He died at the age of 31 years, but it is stated that he drew his rations on the 10th day of the month, at the thirty-ninth bureau (there were forty-five in all). The epitaph of Lepidius Primigenius gives the area of the plot as 16 feet in depth and 12 feet in frontage. A bequest by a testator whose name is lost (C.I.L. vi., 10,248) provides an endowment to his freedmen and freed women to observe certain ceremonies at his grave. The tomb was to be decked on the days of his birth and (probably) of his death; also on the day of rose scattering and on the day of violets; a burning lamp with incense was to be put on the tomb on the Kalends, Nones and Ides of each month. An epitaph (C.I.L. vi., 29,896) on a pet dog called Margaret tells that she was a Gaulish coursing-dog, always the pet of her master and mistress, with speaking ways, and that she met her death giving birth to puppies. We turn to the table-cases in order. Table-case E. Weapons. At the end, towards the middle of the room, are swords, spears and daggers of the earliest and Mycenaean periods, from Cyprus, Rhodes and Greece. The next divisions contain, on the one side, early Italian swords and daggers; on the other side, Italian spear-heads in bronze and iron. Towards the other end of the case are Greek weapons, of which comparatively few survive. In particular, a small group of weapons from the field of Marathon should be noticed. It includes a dagger, arrow-heads, javelin-heads, and a sling-bolt, all of which may well have been used in the battle of Marathon (490 B.C.). In the further corner of the case are some Roman weapons and a boar-standard. Among them is 867. An iron sword, with a sheath, covered with reliefs in |