into the plain, their horsemen appeared out of that ambush in which they had lain, and put our men into disorder: and made them run away. So they slew six men of our side. Yet did they not go off with the victory at last. For when they heard that some armed men were sailed from Taricheæ, to Julias, they were afraid and retired.

It was now not long before Vespasian came to Tyre; and king Agrippa with him. But the Tyrians began to speak reproachfully of the king: and called him an enemy to the Romans. For they said, that Philip, the general of his army, had betrayed the royal palace, and the Roman forces that were in Jerusalem; and that it was done by his command. When Vespasian heard of this report, he rebuked the Tyrians, for abusing a man who was both a king and a friend to the Romans. But he exhorted the king to send Philip to Rome, for answer to what he had done before Nero. But when Philip was sent thither, he did not come into the sight of Nero. For he found him very near death, on account of the troubles that then happened, and a civil war; and so he returned to the king. But when Vespasian was come to Ptolemais, the chief men of Decapolis of Syria made a clamour against Justus of Tiberias, because he had set their villages on fire. So Vespasian delivered him to the king to be put to death by those under the king's jurisdiction. Yet did the king only put him into bonds, and concealed what he had done from Vespasian as I have before related. But the people of Sepphoris met Vespasian, and saluted him, and had forces sent them, with Placidus their commander. He also went up with them, as I also followed them; till Vespasian came into Galilee. As to which coming of his, and after what manner it was ordered, and how he fought his first battle with me near the village Taricheæ, and how from thence they went to Jotapata, and how I was taken alive, and bound, and how I was afterward loosed; with all that was done by me in the Jewish war, and during the siege of Jerusalem, I have accurately related them in the books concerning the war of the Jews. However, it will, I think, be proper to add an account of those actions of my life, which I have not related in that book of the Jewish

war.

When the siege of Jotapata was over, and I was among the

me.

Romans, I was kept with much care by means of the great respect that Vespasian showed me. At his command, also, I married a *virgin who was from among the captives of that country. Yet did she not live with me long; but was divorced, upon my being freed from my bonds, and my going to Alexandria. However, I married another wife at Alexandria; and was thence sent, together with Titus, to the siege of Jerusalem and was frequently in danger of being put to death. While both the Jews were very desirous to get me into their power, in order to have me punished and the Romans also whenever they were beaten, supposed that it was occasioned by my treachery; and made continual clamours to the emperors, and desired that they would bring me to punishment, as a traitor to them. But Titus Cæsar was well acquainted with the uncertain fortune of war, and returned no answer to the soldiers' vehement solicitations against Moreover, when the city of Jerusalem was taken by force, Titus Cæsar persuaded me frequently to take whatsoever I would out of the ruins of my country; and said that he gave me leave so to do. But when my country was destroyed, I thought nothing else to be of any value, which I could take and keep as a comfort under my calamities; so I made this request to Titus, that my family might have their liberty. I had also the holy books by Titus's concession. Nor was it long after that I asked of him the life of my brother, and of fifty friends with him, and was not denied. When I also went once to the temple, by the permission of Titus, where there were a great multitude of captive women and children; I got all those that I remembered as among my own friends and acquaintance, to be set free, being in number about one hundred and ninety: and so I delivered them without their paying any price of redemption; and restored them to their former fortune. And when I was sent by Titus Cæsar, with Ceralius, and a thousand horsemen, to a certain village, called The

*Here Josephus, a priest, honestly confesses that he did that at the command of Vespasian, which he had before told us was not lawful for a priest to do by the law of Moses. Antiq. III. 13. I mean the taking a captive woman to wife. But he seems to have been quickly sensible that his compliance with the command of an emperor would not excuse him; for he soon put her away; as Reland justly o'

serves.

coa, in order to know whether it were a place fit for a camp; as I came back I saw many captives crucified and remembered three of them, as my former acquaintance. I was very sorry at this in my mind; and went with tears in my eyes to Titus, and told him of them. So he immediately commanded them to be taken down, and to have the greatest care taken of them in order to their recovery. Yet two of them died under the physician's hands; while the third recovered.

But when Titus had composed the troubles in Judea, and conjectured that the lands which I had in Judea, would bring me in no profit, because a garrison to guard the country was afterward to pitch there, he gave me another country in the plain. And when he was going away to Rome, he made choice of me to sail along with him; and paid me great respect. And when we were come to Rome, I had great care taken of me by Vespasian. For he gave me an apartment in his own house, which he lived in before he came to the empire. He also honoured me with the privilege of a Roman citizen; and gave me an annual pension: and continued to repect me to the end of his life, without any abatement of his kindness. This circumstance made me envied, and brought me into danger. For a certain Jew, named Jonathan, who had raised a tumult in Cyrene, and had persuaded two thousand men of that country to join with him, was the occasion of their ruin. But when he was bound by the governor of that country, and sent to the emperor, he told him, that I had sent him both weapons and money. However he could not conceal his be-ing a liar from Vespasian; who condemned him to die. According to which sentence he was put to death. Nay, after that, when those that envied my good fortune, did frequently bring accusations against me, by God's providence I escaped them all. I also received from Vespasian no small quantity of land, as a free gift in Judea. About which time I divorced my wife also, as not pleased with her behaviour; though not till she had been the mother of three children; two of which are dead, and one, whom I named Hyrcanus, is alive. After this I married a wife who had lived at Crete, but a Jew by birth: a woman she was of eminent parents, and such as were the most illustrious in all the country: and whose character was beyond that of most other women: as

her future life did demonstrate. By her I had two sons: the name of the elder was Justus, and the next, Simonides, who was also named Agrippa. And these were the circumstances of my domestic affairs. However, the kindness of the emperor to me continued still the same. For when Vespasian was dead, Titus, who succeeded him in the government, kept up the same respect for me which I had from his father: and when I had frequent accusations laid against me, he would not believe them. And Domitian, who succeeded, still augmented his respects to me: for he punished those Jews that were my accusers; and gave command that a servant of mine who was an eunuch, and my accuser, should be punished. He also made that country I had in Judea taxfree which is a mark of the greatest honour to him who hath it. Nay, Domitia, the wife of Cæsar, continued to do me kindness. And this is the account of the actions of my whole life. And let others judge of my character by them as they please.

END OF THE LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS.

OF THE

JEWISH

WEIGHTS AND
AND MEASURES,

PARTICULARLY OF THOSE MENTIONED IN

JOSEPHUS'S WORKS.

BEFORE I can authentically state these Jewish weights and measures I must first set down all the pages I have met with in Josephus's writings that can give any light to these matters.

Antiq. III. 1. Josephus makes Assaron the same measure which we render a tenth deal: i. e. the tenth part of a Bath, or Epha. It is otherwise styled an Omer. 6. He says that this Assaron, or Omer, was equal to 7 Attic Cotulæ.

He also says, that the Talent was called Cinchares by the Hebrews, and was equal to 100 Manehs, Mnas, or Pounds.

8. He affirms that the Siclus or Shekel was equal to 4 Attic Drachmæ: and in the same chapter mentions the coins called Darics.

9. He informs us, that the Hin was equal to 2 Attic Chouses; or 2 Roman Congii. 15. He reckons 70 Cori or Chomers equal to 31 Sicilian, and to 41 Attic Medimni. VIII. 2. He says, that the Badus, or Bath, was equal to 72 Xestæ or Sextaries. IX. 4. He says Seah and Saton was equal to an Italian Modius, and an half. XIV. 7. He affirms, Maneh or Mna to be equal to 2 Litræ: [Libræ, or Pounds, each of 12 avoirdupois ounces.]

XV. 9. He affirms, the Corus or Chomer to be equal to 10 Attic Medimni.

Of the War, II. 21. He mentions a Tyrian Coin: and says it was equal to 4 Attic Drachmæ; which is the same weight that he gives to the Jewish Siclus, or Shekel.

N. B. Antonius Augustinus weighed two Carthaginian Coins; which proved to be full 4 Drachmæ apiece; or equal to Josephus's shekel. Now it is well known, that the Carthaginians were a colony of the Tyrians. See Cumberland's Weights and Measures, page 106.

OF THE JEWISH MEASURES OF LENGTH.

Since I have always determined, both in my Description of the Temples, Chap. VIII. and in my Authentic Records, Part II. page 875-877, that the Jewish Cubit. was nearly 21 inches, English measure; nor see any cause to believe the Jews ever had any other, or larger Cubit among them; the Jewish measures of length derived from it will be easily determined. Nor is there any thing, that I know of, in Josephus's writings, that contradicts these determinations. But as to the origin of Cubits, and other like measures of length, and their differences; and how they were