ing Miletus: there they drew their ships on shore, and threw up a rampart of stone and wood, having cut down the fruittrees, and around the rampart they drove in sharp stakes. They made preparations to sustain a siege, and to gain a victory, both one and the other; for they made their preparations deliberately.

98. The Greeks, when they learnt that the barbarians had gone to the continent, were vexed that they had escaped; and were in doubt what to do, whether they should return home, or sail to the Hellespont: at length they determined to do neither of these, but to sail to the continent: having therefore prepared for a sea-fight both boarding-ladders, and all other things that were necessary, they sailed to Mycale. When they were near the camp, and no one was seen ready to meet them, but they beheld the ships drawn up within the fortification, and a numerous land-force disposed along the beach, thereupon Leotychides, advancing first in a ship, and nearing the beach as much as possible, made proclamation by a herald to the Ionians, saying, "Men of Ionia, as many of you as hear me, attend to what I say; for the Persians will understand nothing of the advice I give you. When we engage, it behoves every one first of all to remember Liberty; and next the watch-word, Hebe; and let him who does not hear this, learn it from those who do hear." The meaning of this proceeding was the same as that of Themistocles at Artemisium; for either these words, being concealed from the barbarians, would induce the Ionians to revolt, or if they should be reported to the barbarians, would make them distrustful of the Greeks. 99. Leotychides, having made this suggestion, the Grecians in the next place did as follows: putting their ships to shore they landed on the beach, and drew up in order of battle. But the Persians, when they saw the Greeks preparing themselves for action, and knew that they had admonished the Ionians, in the first place suspecting that the Samians favoured the Greeks, took away their arms; for when the Athenian captives, whom, being left in Attica, the forces of Xerxes had taken, arrived in the ships of the barbarians, having ransomed them all, they sent them back to Athens, furnishing them with provisions for the voyage: on this account they were under no slight suspicion, having redeemed five hundred of the enemies of Xerxes. In the next place,

the passes that lead to the heights of Mycale they appointed the Milesians to guard, because forsooth they were best acquainted with the country, but they did it for this purpose, that they might be at a distance from the army. Those of the Ionians, then, who they suspected might attempt something new if they had the power, the Persians took such precautions against; and they themselves brought their bucklers together, to serve as a rampart.

100. When, therefore, the Greeks were prepared, they advanced towards the barbarians; and as they were marching, a rumour flew through the whole army, and a herald's staff was seen lying on the beach: the rumour that spread among them was this, that the Greeks had fought and conquered the army of Mardonius in Boeotia. Thus the interposition of heaven is manifest by many plain signs; since on this same day on which the defeat at Platæa took place, and when that at Mycale was just about to happen, a rumour reached the Greeks in this latter place; so that the army was inspired with much greater courage, and was more eager to meet danger. 101. There was also this other coincidence, namely, that there was a temple of Eleusinian Ceres near both the engagements. For at Platæa, as I have already said, the battle took place near the temple of Ceres; and at Mycale it was about to happen in like manner. The rumour that a victory had been obtained by the Greeks under Pausanias, turned out to be correct; for the battle of Platea was fought while it was yet early in the day, and that of Mycale towards evening: and that both happened on the same day of the same month, not long afterwards became manifest on inquiry. Before the rumour reached them, great alarm prevailed amongst them, not so much for themselves, as for the Greeks, lest Greece should stumble in the contest with Mardonius. When, however, this report flew amongst them, they advanced with greater readiness and alacrity. Accordingly the Greeks and the barbarians hastened to the battle, as both the islands and the Hellespont were held out as the reward of victory.

102. The Athenians, and those who were drawn up next them, forming about half the army, had to advance along the shore over level ground; but the Lacedæmonians, and those drawn up near them, along a ravine and some hills. So that whilst the Lacedæmonians were making a circuit, those in the

other wing were already engaged. Now, so long as the bucklers of the Persians remained standing, they defended themselves strenuously, and had not the worst of the battle; but when the Athenians and those next them, having mutually encouraged one another, in order that the victory might belong to them, and not the Lacedæmonians, applied with more vigour to the battle, then the face of affairs immediately changed; for having broke through the bucklers, they fell in a body on the Persians; and they having sustained their attack and defended themselves for a considerable time, at last fled to the fortification. The Athenians, Corinthians, Sicyonians, and Træzenians, for thus they were drawn up in order, following close upon them, rushed into the fortification at the same time. When, therefore, the fortification was taken, the barbarians no longer thought of resisting, but all except the Persians betook themselves to flight; they, in small detachments, fought with the Greeks who were continually rushing within the fortification. And of the Persian generals, two made their escape, and two died. Artayntes and Ithramitres, commanders of the naval forces, escaped; but Mardontes, and Tigranes, general of the land army, died fighting. 103. While the Persians were still fighting, the Lacedæmonians and those with them came up, and assisted in accomplishing the rest. Of the Greeks themselves many fell on this occasion; both others, and especially the Sicyonians, and their general Perilaus. The Samians, who were in the camp of the Medes, and had been deprived of their arms, as soon as they saw the battle turning, did all they could, wishing to help the Greeks; and the rest of the Ionians, seeing the Samians lead the way, thereupon revolted from the Persians and attacked the barbarians. 104. The Milesians had been appointed to guard the passes for the Persians, in order for their safety, to the end that, if that should befal them which did befal them, they might, having guides, get safe to the heights of Mycale. The Milesians accordingly had been appointed to this service for this reason, and in order that, by being present in the army, they might not form any new design. They, however, did every thing contrary to what was ordered; both guiding them in their flight by other ways which led to the enemy, and at last themselves became most hostile in slaying them. Thus Ionia

revolted a second time3 from the Persians. 105. In this battle of the Greeks, the Athenians most distinguished themselves; and of the Athenians, Hermolycus, son of Euthynus, who had practised in the pancratium: it befel this Hermolycus after these events, when there was war between the Athenians and the Carystians, to die fighting at Cyrnus of the Carystian territory, and to be buried at Geræstus. After the Athenians, the Corinthians, Trazenians, and Sicyonians distinguished themselves. 106. When the Grecians had killed most of the barbarians, some fighting and others flying, they burnt the ships and the whole fortification, having first brought out all the booty on the beach; and they found several chests of money, and having burnt the fortification and the ships they sailed away. The Greeks, having arrived at Samos, consulted about transplanting the Ionians, and in what part of Greece, of which they themselves were masters, it would be best to settle them, intending to leave Ionia to the barbarians: for it was clearly impossible for them to protect and guard the Ionians for ever; and if they did not protect them, they had no hope that the Ionians would escape unpunished by the Persians. Upon this it seemed expedient to the men of rank among the Peloponnesians to remove the marts of the Grecian nations that had sided with the Medes, and give their territory to the Ionians to inhabit; but it did not appear at all expedient to the Athenians that the Ionians should be removed, or that the Peloponnesians should give advice respecting their colonies. However, as they opposed, the Peloponnesians readily gave way: and accordingly they took into the alliance the Samians, Chians, Lesbians, and other islanders, who were then serving with the Greeks, binding them by pledges and oaths that they would remain firm and not revolt: when they had bound them by oaths, they set sail to destroy the bridges, for they expected to find them still stretched across: accordingly they sailed to the Hellespont.

107. The barbarians who fled, and were shut up in the heights of Mycale, not many in number, got safe to Sardis. But as they were marching, on their way Masistes, son of Darius, having been present at the defeat, uttered many hard words to the general Artayntes; saying, amongst other things,

3 The Ionians were first subjugated by Harpagus, (i. 164, &c.,) afterwards revolted, (v. 28,) and were again reduced, (vi. 32.)

that he was more cowardly than a woman, for having commanded the army in such a manner, and that he deserved the most extreme punishment, for having brought mischief on the king's house. Now among the Persians to be called more cowardly than a woman is the greatest affront: he, therefore, when he had heard a good deal, being exceedingly indignant, drew his scymetar upon Masistes. But Xenagoras, son of Praxilaus, a Halicarnassian, who stood behind Artayntes, perceiving him rushing forward, seized him round the middle, and having lifted him up, threw him on the ground; and in the mean while the guards of Masistes came to his assistance. Xenagoras did this, thereby laying an obligation both on Masistes himself, and on Xerxes, by saving his brother; and for this action Xenagoras received the government of all Cilicia, as the gift of the king. While they were marching on the road, nothing more than this occurred, but they arrived at Sardis. At Sardis the king happened to be from the time when he fled thither from Athens, after his failure in the seafight.

108. While he was at Sardis he fell in love with the wife of Masistes, who also was there; but when she could not be moved by sending to solicit her, and he did not offer violence, out of regard for his brother Masistes; (and this same circumstance restrained the woman, for she well knew that she would not meet with violence ;) thereupon Xerxes, being shut out from any other resource, brought about the marriage of his son Darius with the daughter of this woman and Masistes; thinking that he should get possession of her if he did thus. Having, therefore, concluded the marriage and performed the usual ceremonies, he departed for Susa. When he arrived there,

he introduced the wife of Darius into his own house; and then his passion for the wife of Masistes ceased; and having changed his inclinations, he fell in love, and succeeded, with the wife of Darius, the daughter of Masistes: the name of this woman was Artaynte. 109. In course of time the matter was discovered in the following manner. Amestris, the wife of Xerxes, having woven a large, various-coloured, and beautiful mantle, presented it to Xerxes, and he, being delighted, put it on, and went to Artaynte. Being pleased also with her, he bid her ask whatever she pleased as a reward for the favours she had granted him, for that she should have whatever she