he reached the Pæonians, he spoke as follows: "Men of Pæonia, Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, has sent me to suggest to you a mode of deliverance, if you will take his advice. For all Ionia has revolted from the king, and offers you an opportunity of returning safe to your own country; as far as the coast take care of yourselves, and we will provide for the rest.” The Pæonians, when they heard these words, considered it a very joyful event, and having taken with them their children and wives, fled to the coast; but some of them, through fear, remained where they were. When the Pæonians reached the coast, they thence crossed over to Chios; and just as they had reached Chios, a large body of Persian cavalry came on their heels, pursuing the Pæonians; and when they did not overtake them, sent orders to Chios to the Pæonians, commanding them to return. But the Pæonians did not listen to the proposal; but the Chians conveyed them to Lesbos, and the Lesbians forwarded them to Doriscus ; thence proceeding on foot they reached Pæonia.

99. But Aristagoras, when the Athenians arrived with twenty ships, bringing with them five triremes of the Eretrians, who engaged in this expedition, not out of good-will to the Athenians, but of the Milesians themselves, in order to repay a former obligation; for the Milesians had formerly joined the Eretrians in the war against the Chalcidians, at the time when the Samians assisted the Chalcidians against the Eretrians and Milesians. When these, then, had arrived, and the rest of the allies had come up, Aristagoras resolved to make an expedition to Sardis. He himself did not march with the army, but remained at Miletus, and appointed others as generals of the Milesians, his own brother Charopinus, and of the other citizens Hermophantus. 100. The Ionians, having arrived at Ephesus with this force, left their ships at Coressus, in the Ephesian territory, and they advanced with a numerous army, taking Ephesians for their guides; and marching by the side of the river Cayster, from thence they orossed Mount Tmolus, and reached and took Sardis without opposition; and they took all except the citadel, but Artaphernes with a strong garrison defended the citadel. The following accident prevented them, after they had taken the city, from plundering it. Most of the houses in Sardis were built with reeds; and such of them as were built with

101.

brick, had roofs of reeds. A soldier happened to set fire to one of these, and immediately the flame spread from house to house, and consumed the whole city. While the city was being burnt, the Lydians, and as many of the Persians as were in the city, being enclosed on every side, since the fire had got possession of the extreme parts, and had no means of escaping from the city, rushed together to the market-place, and to the river Pactolus, which, bringing down grains of gold from Mount Tmolus, flows through the middle of the market-place, and then discharges itself into the river Hermus, and that into the sea. The Lydians and Persians, therefore, being assembled on this Pactolus and at the market-place, were constrained to defend themselves: and the Ionians, seeing some of the enemy standing on their defence, and others coming up in great numbers, retired through fear to the mountain called Tmolus, and thence under favour of the night retreated to their ships. 102. Thus Sardis was burnt, and in it the temple of the native goddess Cybebe; the Persians, making a pretext of this, afterwards burnt in retaliation the temples of Greece. As soon as the Persians who had settlements on this side the river Halys were informed of these things, they drew together, and marched to assist the Lydians; and they happened to find that the Ionians were no longer at Sardis; but following on their track they overtook them at Ephesus; and the Ionians drew out in battle-array against them, and coming to an engagement, were sorely beaten ; and the Persians slew many of them, and among other persons of distinction, Eualcis, general of the Eretrians, who had gained the prize in the contests for the crown, and had been much celebrated by Simonides the Cean. Those who escaped from the battle, were dispersed throughout the cities.

103. At that time such was the result of the encounter. Afterwards, the Athenians, totally abandoning the Ionians, though Aristagoras urgently solicited them by ambassadors, refused to send them any assistance. The Ionians, being deprived of the alliance of the Athenians, (for they had conducted themselves in such a manner towards Darius from the first,) nevertheless prepared for war with the king. And having sailed to the Hellespont, they reduced Byzantium and all the other cities in that quarter to their obedience. Then having sailed out of the Hellespont, they gained over to their

alliance the greater part of Caria; for the city of Caunus, which before would not join their alliance, when they had burnt Sardis, came over to their side. 104. And all the Cyprians, except the Amathusians, came over to them of their own accord; for they too had revolted from the Mede on the following occasion. Onesilus was younger brother of Gorgus king of the Salaminians, and son of Chersis, son of Siromus, son of Euelthon; this man had frequently before exhorted his brother to revolt from the king; but when he heard that the Ionians had revolted, he pressed him very urgently, but finding he could not persuade Gorgus, Onesilus with his partisans, thereupon having watched an opportunity when he had gone out of the city of the Salaminians, shut the gates against him. Gorgus being thus deprived of his city, fled to the Medes; and Onesilus ruled over Salamis, and endeavoured to persuade all the Cyprians to join in the revolt. The rest he persuaded; but the Amathusians, who would not listen to him, he sat down and besieged.

105. Onesilus accordingly besieged Amathus. But when it was told king Darius, that Sardis had been taken and burnt by the Athenians and Ionians, and that Aristagoras the Milesian was the chief of the confederacy, and the contriver of that enterprise; it is related that he, when he heard this, took no account of the Ionians, well knowing that they would not escape unpunished for their rebellion, but inquired where the Athenians were: then having been informed, he called for a bow, and having received one, and put an arrow into it, he let it fly towards heaven, and as he shot it into the air, he said, "O Jupiter, grant that I may revenge myself on the Athenians!" Having thus spoken, he commanded one of his attendants, every time dinner was set before him, to say thrice, "Sire, remember the Athenians." 106. Having given this order, and summoned to his presence Histiæus the Milesian, whom he had already detained a long time, Darius said: "I am informed, Histiæus, that your lieutenant, to whom you intrusted Miletus, has attempted innovations against me; for having brought men from the other continent, and with them Ionians, who shall give me satisfaction for what they have done; having persuaded these to accompany them, he has deprived me of Sardis. Now, can it appear to you that this is right? Could such a thing have been done without your advice? Beware lest

hereafter you expose yourself to blame." To this Histiæus answered: "O king, what have you said? That I should advise a thing from which any grief, great or little, should ensue to you! with what object should I do so? What am I in want of? I, who have all things the same as you, and am deemed worthy to share all your counsels? But if my lieutenant has done any such thing as you mention, be assured he has done it of his own contrivance. But in the outset I do not believe the account, that the Milesians and my lieutenant have attempted any innovations against your authority. Yet if they have done any thing of the kind, and you have heard the truth, consider, O king, what mischief you have done in withdrawing me from the coast. For the Ionians seem, when

I was out of their sight, to have done what they long ago desired to do; and had I been in Ionia not one city would have stirred. Suffer me therefore to go with all speed to Ionia, that I may restore all things there to their former condition, and deliver into your hands this lieutenant of Miletus, who has plotted the whole. When I have done this according to your mind, I swear by the royal gods, not to put off the garments which I shall wear when I go down to Ionia, before I have made the great island Sardinia tributary to you." 107. Histiæus, speaking thus, deceived the king. But Darius was persuaded, and let him go; having charged him to return to him at Susa, so soon as he should have accomplished what he had promised.

108. While the news concerning Sardis was going up to the king, and Darius, having done what has been described relating to the bow, held a conference with Histiæus, and while Histiæus, having been dismissed by Darius, was on his journey to the sea; during all this time the following events took place. Tidings were brought to Onesilus the Salaminian, as he was besieging the Amathusians, that Artybius, a Persian, leading a large Persian force on ship-board, was to be expected in Cyprus. Onesilus, having been informed of this, sent heralds to the different parts of Ionia, inviting them to assist him; and the Ionians, without any protracted deliberation, came with a large armament. The Ionians accordingly arrived at Cyprus, and the Persians, having crossed over in ships from Cilicia, marched by land against Salamis; but the Phoenicians in their ships doubled the promontory, which is

called the key of Cyprus. 109. This having taken place, the tyrants of Cyprus, having called together the general of the Ionians, said, "Men of Ionia, we Cyprians give you the choice, to engage with whichever you wish, the Persians or Phoenicians. If you choose to try your strength with the Persians drawn up on land, it is time for you to disembark from your ships, and to draw up on land, and for us to go on board your ships, in order to oppose the Phoenicians: but if you would rather try your strength with the Phoenicians, whichever of these you choose, it behoves you so to behave yourselves, that as far as depends on you both Ionia and Cyprus may be free." To this the Ionians answered : "The general council of the Ionians has sent us to guard the sea, and not that, having delivered our ships to the Cyprians, we ourselves should engage with the Persians by land. We therefore shall endeavour to do our duty in that post to which we have been appointed; and it behoves you, bearing in mind what you have suffered under the yoke of the Medes, to prove yourselves to be brave men." The Ionians made answer in these words. 110. Afterwards, when the Persians had reached the plain of the Salaminians, the kings of the Cyprians drew up their forces in line, stationing the other Cyprians against the other soldiery of the enemy, but having selected the best of the Salaminians and Solians, they stationed them against the Persians. Onesilus voluntarily took up his position directly against Artybius, the general of the Persians. 111. Artybius used to ride on a horse, that had been taught to rear up against an armed enemy. Onesilus, therefore, having heard of this, and having as a shield-bearer a Carian well skilled in matters of war, and otherwise full of courage, said to this man, "I am informed that the horse of Artybius rears up, and with his feet and mouth attacks whomsoever he is made to engage with; you therefore determine at once, and tell me, which you will watch and strike, whether the horse or Artybius himself." His attendant answered, "I am ready to do both, or either of them, and indeed whatever you may command. But I will declare how it appears to me to be most conducive to your interest. A king and a general ought, I think, to engage with a king and a general. For if you vanquish one who is a general, your glory is great; and in the next place, if he should vanquish you, which may the gods avert, to fall by a noble

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