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They made slavery their choice, and in the same miserable fate would have been glad to envelop us."

Chap. 83. Καὶ οὐ δουλωσόμενοι, μὴ παθεῖν δὲ μᾶλλον τοῦτο κωλύσοντες.

"So far from the view of enslaving them to ourselves, that we are solely intent on preserving them from being enslaved by others."

Chap. 84. Ὃν αλόγως ἡμᾶς φησὶ δουλωσαμένους. "Whom, after unjustly enslaving," &c.

Chap. 88. Πλήν καθόσον εἰ τὴν Σικελίαν ᾤοντο αὐτοὺς δου λώσεσθαι.

"Save only the ambition they showed of enslaving Sicily."

Book vii. chap. 75. Μέγιστον γὰρ δὴ τὸ διάφορον τοῦτο τῷ Ἑλληνικῷ στρατεύματι ἐγένετο, οἷς ἀντὶ μὲν τοῦ ἄλλους δου λωσομένους ἥκειν.

For a most cruel turn of fortune this really proved to a Grecian army; who, coming hither to enslave others, were departing now with the sad alternative of fearing to be made slaves themselves."

Book viii. chap. 15. Τάς τε τῶν Χίων ἑπτὰ ναῦς, αἳ αὐτοῖς ξυνεπολιόρκουν τὰς ἐν τῷ Πειραιῷ, ἀπαγαγόντες, τοὺς μὲν δούλους ἐξ αὐτῶν ἠλευθέρωσαν, τοὺς δ' ἐλευθέρους κατέδησαν. Having, moreover, fetched off the seven vessels belonging to the Chians, which assisted in forming the blockade at Piræus, they set at liberty the slaves who were on board them, and threw all the freemen into prison."

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Chap. 43. Ενὴν γὰρ καὶ νήσους ἁπάσας πάλιν δουλεύειν. "For thus he might be enabled once more to enslave all the islands."

Chap. 48. Δουλεύειν μᾶλλον, &c.

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LESSON VI.

XENOPHON, Memorabilia, &c.

Book i. chap. 3, § 11. Ὦ τλῆμον, ἔφη ὁ Σωκράτης, καὶ τί ἂν οἴει παθεῖν, καλὸν φιλήσας; ἆρ ̓ οὐκ ἂν αὐτίκα μάλα δοῦλος μὲν εἶναι ἀντ ̓ ἐλευθέρου;

"Miserum te, ait Socrates, quid eventurum tibi existimas, si formosum osculeris? annon subitò pro libero servus esses?" Leun

clavius.

Chap. 5. § 2. Δούλῳ δ' ἀκρατεῖ ἐπιτρέψαιμεν ἂν ἢ βοσκή ματα ἢ ταμιεῖα ἢ ἔργων ἐπιστασίαν ;

"Et servo intemperanti num vel pecora, vel penum, vel ut operi præesset, committeremus?" Leunc.

§ 3. ̓Αλλὰ μὴν εἴ γε μηδὲ δοῦλον ἀκρατῆ δεξαίμεθ ̓ ἂν, πῶς οὐκ ἄξιον αυτόν γε φυλάξασθαι τοιοῦτον γενέσθαι;

"Enimvero si ne servum quidem intemperantem accepturi simus, quî non operæ pretium sit cavere ne quis ipse talis fiat?" Leunc.

§ 5. Ἢ τίς οὐκ ἂν, ταῖς ἡδοναῖς δουλεύων, αἰσχρῶς διατεθείη καὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν ψυχήν;

"Quis voluptatibus serviens non turpiter tum corpore tum animo affectus sit ?" Leunc.

Ibid. Ἐμοὶ μὲν δοκεῖ, νὴ τὴν Ηραν, ἐλευθέρῳ μὲν ἀνδρὶ εὐκτέον εἶναι, μὴ τυχεῖν δούλου τοιουτου, δουλεύοντα δὲ ταῖς τοιαύταις ἡδοναῖς, ἱκετεύειν τοὺς θεοὺς, δεσποτῶν ἀγαθῶν τυχεῖν.

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“ Equidem ita profecto statuo, homini libero optandum esse, ut hujusmodi servum non consequatur, atque illi qui voluptatibus ejusmodi servit deos esse obsecrandos ut dominos bonos nanciscatur." Leunc.

Book ii. chap. 1. § 11. 'Αλλ' ἐγώ τοι, ἔφη ὁ ̓Αρίστιππος, οὐδὲ εἰς τὴν δουλείαν αὖ ἐμαυτὸν τάττω· ἀλλ ̓ εἶναί τις μοὶ δοκεῖ μέση τούτων ὁδὸς, ἣν πειρῶμαι βαδίζειν, οὔτε δι' ἀρχῆς, οὔτε διὰ δουλείας, ἀλλὰ δι' ἐλευθερίας, ἅπερ μάλιστα πρὸς εὐδαι

μονίαν άγει. (12.) Αλλ', εἰ μέντοι, ἔφη ὁ Σωκράτης, ὥσπερ οὔτε δι' ἀρχῆς οὔτε διὰ δουλείας ἡ ὁδὸς αὕτη φέρει, οὕτω μηδὲ δι' ἀνθρώπων, ἴσως ἂν τι λέγοις.

"I surely, says Aristippus, do not place myself in slavery; but my doctrine is, that the condition equally free from the objections of those who govern and of those who are in slavery, is true liberty. But, says Socrates, the condition of which you speak, beyond the influences affecting those who bear rule or those in slavery, can never exist among men; for,” &c. § 12. ὡς δούλοις χρῆσ θαι" for safety they desire slavery.

§ 13. Ἕως ἂν πείσωσιν ἑλέσθαι δουλεύειν ἀντὶ τοῦ πολεμεῖν τοῖς κρείττοσι;

"Donec persuaserint eis servire potiùs quàm bellum cum potioribus gerere?"

§ 15. Η διότι καὶ δοῦλος ἂν οἴει τοιοῦτος εἶναι, οἷος μηδενί δεσπότῃ λυσιτελεῖν ;

"An quòd talem te servum esse putas, qui nulli domino prosit ?”

Chap. 6. § 9. Χαλεπὸν δὲ καὶ δήσαντα κατέχειν, ὥσπερ δοῦλον.

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Neque minùs difficile vinctum retinere tanquam servum." Leunc.

Chap. 7. § 3 and 4. Ὅτι νὴ Δί ̓, ἔφη, ὁ μὲν δούλους τρέφει, ἐγὼ δὲ ἐλευθέρους. (4.) Καὶ πότερον, ἔφη, τοὺς παρὰ σοὶ ἐλευ θέρους οίει βελτίους εἶναι ἢ τοὺς παρὰ Κεράμωνι δούλους;

" By Jupiter, (says Aristarchus, the reason is obvious. He (Ceramon) rears up slaves, while I only employ freemen. Well, then, truly, says (Socrates), which do you esteem the most valuable, your freemen or Ceramon's slaves?"

àv,

Chap. 8. § 4. Χαλεπῶς ἂν, ἔφη, ἐγώ, ὦ Σώκρατες, δου λείαν ὑπομείναιμι. Καὶ μὴν οἵ γε ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι προστα τεύοντες καὶ τῶν δημοσίων ἐπιμελόμενοι οὐ δουλοπρεπέσ τεροι ἕνεκα τούτου, ἀλλ ̓ ἐλευθεριώτεροι νομίζονται.

"But it is difficult, O Socrates, for me to submit to slavery. But (says Socrates) high political officers, and all those who have charge of public affairs, are not esteemed to be in a slavish employment, but in that which is the most appropriate to the most elevated of freemen."

Book iii. chap. 12. § 2. Πολλοὶ δὲ δι' αὐτὸ τοῦτο ζῶντες ἁλίσκονται, καὶ ἁλόντες ήτοι δουλεύουσι τὸν λοιπὸν βίον, ἐὰν οὕτω τύχωσι, τὴν χαλεπωτάτην δουλείαν.

"Many endure the most burdensome slavery, produced by their having been taken captives in war, and as captives, slaves themselves through the remainder of life."

Book iv. chap. 2. § 33. Τί δέ; τον Δαίδαλον, ἔφη, οὐκ ἀκήκοας, ὅτι ληφθεὶς ὑπὸ Μίνω διὰ τὴν σοφίαν, ἠναγκάζετο ἐκείνῳ δουλεύειν, καὶ τῆς τε πατρίδος ἅμα καὶ τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἐστερήθη, καὶ ἐπιχειρῶν ἀποδιδράσκειν μετὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τόν τε παῖδα ἀπώλεσε καὶ αὐτὸς οὐκ ἠδυνήθη σωθῆναι, ἀλλ' ἀπενεχθεὶς εἰς τοὺς βαρβάρους πάλιν ἐκεῖ ἐδούλευε;

"Is it truly so? You have not heard (says Socrates) that Dædalus, captured, deprived of his liberty, and torn from his country and forced into slavery, on account of his knowledge and wisdom was detained by Minos; and, when afterwards attempting to make his escape with his son, who was slain in the attempt, was not able to save himself, but was seized by the barbarians and again forced into slavery."

Ibid. "Αλλους δὲ πόσους οἴει διὰ σοφίαν ἀναρπάστους πρὸς βασιλέα γεγονέναι, καὶ ἐκεῖ δουλεύειν;

"How many others are born and remain creeping, fawning about the king (of Persia); and because he deems them his, he there enslaves them."

Chap 5. § 5. Δουλείαν δὲ ποίαν κακίστην νομίζεις εἶναι; Ἐγὼ μὲν, ἔφη, τὴν παρὰ τοῖς κακίστοις δεσπόταις. Τήν και κίστην ἄρα δουλείαν οἱ ἀκρατεῖς δουλεύουσιν;

Of which Leunclavius gives the following: "Pessimam servitutem. Et quam esse arbitraris? Eam ait, quæ apud pessimos dominos serviatur. Ergone intemperantes servitutem pessimam serviunt ?”

For the benefit of the mere English scholar, we give it thus: “Now, where do you esteem the most degraded slavery? Why, to be sure, says he, when the master is most degraded. It follows then, (says Socrates,) that the slaves of intemperance are the most degraded of slaves.”

In the 30th section of the defence of Socrates before his judges, by Xenophon, we find thus:

Ὥστε φημί, αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῇ δουλοπρεπεῖ διατριβῇ, ἣν ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῷ παρεσκεύακεν, οὐ διαμενεῖν.

By Leunclavius: "Itaque aio, non permansurum in illo servili vitæ genere, quod pater ei præscripsit.'

Ι

We offer : “ So that, I said, it is not becoming that his son should remain in an occupation only proper for a slave, in which alone his father educated him.'

LESSON VII.

Ar the close of the 23d chapter of the first book of Xenophon's Cyropædia, we find :

Πολλοὶ δὲ, οἷς ἐξῆν φίλοις χρῆσθαι, καὶ ἂν ποιεῖν καὶ ἂν πάσχειν, τούτοις δούλοις μᾶλλον βουληθέντες ἢ φίλοις χρῆσθαι, ὑπ' αὐτῶν τούτων δίκην έδοσαν.

“ There are instances of many, who, when they might have used others as their friends in a mutual intercourse of good offices, and who, choosing to hold them rather as slaves than as friends, have met with revenge and punishment at their hands.” Ashley.

Book iii. § 2. Και γάρ ἔστιν, ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, καλὸν μάχεσθαι, ὅπως μὴ ποτέ τις δοῦλος μέλλοι γενήσεσθαι· ἦν δὲ δὴ ἢ πολέμῳ κρατηθείς, ἢ καὶ ἄλλον τινὰ τρόπον δουλωθείς, ἐπιχειρῶν τις φαίνηται τοὺς δεσπότας ἀποστερεῖν ἑαυτοῦ, τοῦτον σὺ, πρῶτ τος εἰπὲ, πότερον ὡς ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ καλὰ πράττοντα τιμᾶς, ἢ ὡς ἀδικοῦντα, ἢν λάβῃς, κολάζεις; κολάζω, έφη, &c.

"It is indeed noble, said Cyrus, to fight, in order not to be made a slave! But if a man be conquered in war, or by other means be reduced to slavery, and be found attempting to throw off his masters, do you yourself first pronounce whether you reward and honour such a one as an honest man, and as one that does noble things, or, if you take him, do you punish him as one that acts unjustly? I punish him, said he.” Ashley.

Ibid. Ἢν ᾗ, νή Δί', ἑαυτῷ σύνοιδεν ἐλευθερίας μὲν ἐπιθυμή σας, δοῦλος δ' ὡς οὐδεπώποτε γενόμενος.

Why, by Jupiter, being conscious of himself that, affecting his liberty, he has become by far much more of a slave than ever."