Ibid. Ο ει οὖν τι, ἔφη ὁ Τιγράνης, μᾶλλον καταδουλοῦσ θαι ἀνθρώπους τοῦ ἰσχυροῦ φόβου;

"Can you, said Tigranes, imagine what brings men into yielding to slavery more effectually than very great fear?"

Ibid. Καὶ οἱ πλέοντες, μὴ ναυαγήσωσι, καὶ οἱ δουλείαν καὶ δεσμὸν φοβούμενοι, οὗτοι μὲν οὔτε σίτου οὐδ ̓ ὕπνου δύναν ται τυγχάνειν διὰ τὸν φόβον· οἱ δὲ ἤδη μὲν φυγάδες, ἤδη δ ̓ ἡττημένοι, ἤδη δὲ δουλεύοντες, ἔστιν ὅτε δύνανται και μᾶλλον τῶν εὐδαιμόνων ἐσθίειν τε καὶ καθεύδειν.

"They that are at sea, and dread shipwreck, and they that fear servitude and chains, are neither able to eat nor sleep for fear: but they who are already under banishment, who are already conquered, and already slaves, are often in a condition to eat and sleep better than the fortunate themselves." Ashley.

Ibid. Τὸν δ' ἐμὸν πατέρα, ἔφη, νῦν πῶς δοκεῖς διακεῖσθαι τὴν ψυχὴν, ὃς οὐ μόνον περὶ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ ἐμοῦ, καὶ περὶ γυναικὸς, καὶ περὶ πάντων τῶν τέκνων δουλείας φο βεῖται;

In what state of mind then, said he, do you take my father to be, he who fears not only for his own life, but that his wife, myself, and all his children will be plunged into slavery ?”

Ibid. § 4. ̓Αλλὰ μα Δί', έφη, οὐκ ἐκεῖνον ἐθεώμην. Αλλά τίνα μὴν; ἔφη ὁ Τιγράνης. Τὸν εἰπόντα, νὴ Δία, ὡς τῆς αὑτοῦ ψυχῆς ἂν πρίαιτο ὥστε μή με δουλεύειν.

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Truly, said she, I did not look at him. At whom then did you look ? said Tigranes. At him who said, that to save me from servitude he would ransom me at the expense of his own life." Ashley.

Ibid. § 9. Ως ὀλίγα δυνάμενοι προορᾷν ἄνθρωποι περὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος, πολλὰ ἐπιχειροῦμεν πράττειν. Νῦν γὰρ δὴ καὶ N ἐγώ, ἐλευθερίαν μὲν μηχανάσθαι ἐπιχειρήσας, δοῦλος ὡς οὐδεπώποτε ἐγενόμην· ἐπεὶ δ ̓ ἑάλωμεν, σαφῶς ἀπολωλέναι νο μίσαντες, νῦν ἀναφαινόμεθα σεσωσμένοι ὡς οὐδεπώποτε.

"How few things in futurity are we men able to foresee! and how many projects do we undertake! I have endeavoured upor this occasion to obtain liberty, and I have become more a slave than ever: and, after having been made a captive, and thinking

our destruction certain, we now again appear to be in a condition of greater safety and security than ever.” Ashley.

Book iv. chap. 8. Αὐτίκα μάλα ὄψεσθε, ὥσπερ δούλων ἀπο διδρασκοντων καὶ εὑρημένων, τοὺς μὲν ἱκετεύοντας αὐτῶν, τους δὲ φεύγοντας, τοὺς δ ̓ οὐδὲ ταῦτα φρονεῖν δυναμένους.

"You will see them, like slaves that have run away and are discovered, some supplicating for mercy, some flying, and some without presence of mind enough to do either.” Ashley.

Chap. 18. Εάν δέ τις ὑμῶν, καὶ ἰὼν ὡς ἡμᾶς εὐνοϊκῶς καὶ πράττων τι καὶ διδάσκων φαίνηται, τοῦτον ἡμεῖς ὡς εὐεργέτην καὶ φίλον, οὐχ ὡς δοῦλον, περιέψομεν.

" But, then, if you shall come to us, and shall appear to do any action, or give any information, in friendship and good-will to us, him will we treat as a benefactor and a friend, not as a slave.

Chap. 23. Αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ Κῦρος ἀνειπεῖν ἐκέλευσεν, εἴ τις εἴη ἐν τῷ ̓Ασσυρίων ἢ Σύρων ἢ ̓Αραβίων στρατεύματι ἀνὴρ δοῦλος, * Μήδων, ἢ Περσῶν, ἢ Βακτριανῶν, ἢ Καρῶν, ἢ Κιλίκων, ἢ Ελλήνων, ἢ ἄλλοθέν ποθεν βεβιασμένος, ἐκφαίνεσθαι.

" Cyrus himself ordered them to make proclamation, that whatever slave there might be, either in the Assyrian, Syrian, or Arabian armies, whether he were Mede, Persian, Bactrian, Carian, Cilician, or Greek, or of any other country, forced to serve, that he should appear.” Ashley.

Chap. 24. Εχθιστος ὢν ἐμοὶ, ἥκω πρὸς σέ, καὶ ἱκέτης προσπίπτω, καὶ δίδωμί σοι ἐμαυτὸν δοῦλον καὶ σύμμαχον, σὲ δέ τιμωρὸν αἰτοῦμαι ἐμοὶ γενέσθαι.

"I bow myself at your feet, a suppliant, and give myself a slave to you, and a confederate in the war."

Book v. chap. 1. Καὶ τοίνυν ὁμοίαν ταῖς δούλαις εἶχε τὴν ἐσθῆτα.

"And was clothed in the same manner as were her female slaves."

Ibid. Αλλ' ἐγώ, ἔφη, ἑώρακα καὶ κλαίοντας ὑπὸ λύπης δι' έρωτα, καὶ δουλεύοντάς γε τοῖς ἐρωμένοις· καὶ μάλα κακόν νομίζοντας, πρίν γε ἐρᾷν, τὸ δουλεύειν.

“But I have seen, says he, people in grief and tears when in love, slaves to those with whom they were in love, yet they deemed slavery a very great evil when not in love.”

Chap. 32. Οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοῶ τοῦτ ̓, ἔφη, ὅτι οὐ σύ μου μόνον μείζων εἶ, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ ἐμοὶ δοῦλοι ἰσχυρότεροι ἐμοῦ ὑπαντιάζουσί μοι, και, &c.

“I am not ignorant, says he, that you are above me, but that my own slaves are above me in power," &c.

Book vi. chap. 26. Καὶ Κύρῳ δὲ δοκῶ μεγάλην τινὰ ἡμᾶς χά ριν ὀφείλειν, ὅτι με, αἰχμάλωτον γενομένην καὶ ἐξαιρεθεῖσαν ἑαυτῷ, οὔτε με ὡς δούλην ἠξίωσε κεκτῆσθαι, οὔτε ὡς ἐλευθέ ραν ἐν ἀτίμῳ ὀνόματι διεφύλαξε δέ σοι ὥσπερ ἀδελφοῦ γυναῖκα λαβών.

"Then I think we are both under great obligation to Cyrus, who, when I was captured, and chosen and selected particularly for him, thought proper not to receive me as a slave, nor even as a free woman of low standing, but detained me under such restraint as if I had been his brother's wife."

Book vii. chap. 20. Καὶ πάντας δὲ τοὺς ἀόπλους τῶν ὑποχει ρίων γενομένων σφενδονᾷν ἠνάγκαζε μελετᾷν, νομίζων τοῦτο τὸ ὅπλον δουλικώτερον εἶναι.

"All those whom he conquered, he compelled to practise with the sling, which he deemed more suitable for slaves."

Chap. 30. Νόμος γαρ ἐν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἀϊδιός ἐστιν, ὅταν πολεμούντων πόλις ἁλῷ, τῶν ἑλόντων εἶναι καὶ τὰ σώματα τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει καὶ τὰ χρήματα.

"For it is a perpetual law among all men, that when a city is taken from an enemy, both the persons and treasures of the inhabitants belong to the captors.” Ashley.

Ibid. Θάλπους μὲν οὖν καὶ ψύχους, καὶ σίτων καὶ ποτῶν, καὶ πόνων καὶ ὕπνου ἀνάγκη καὶ τοῖς δούλοις μεταδιδόναι.

"In heat, and in cold, in meat and drink, in work and rest, we necessarily allow our slaves a portion."

Ibid. Ὅτι, ἐπεὶ κεκτήμεθα δούλους, τούτους κολάσομεν, ἢν πονηροὶ ὦσι; καὶ τί προσήκει αὐτὸν ὄντα πονηρὸν πονηρίας ἕνεκα ή βλακείας άλλους κολάζειν ;

"When we acquire slaves, we punish them if they are slothful and vicious. But does it become him who is slothful and vicious himself, to punish others for vice and sloth ?”

Book viii. chap. 1. Τοσοῦτον δὲ διαφέρειν ἡμᾶς δεῖ τῶν δού

λων, ὅσον οἱ μὲν δοῦλοι, ἄκοντες τοῖς δεσπόταις ὑπηρετοῦ σιν· ἡμᾶς δὲ, εἴπερ ἀξιοῦμεν ἐλεύθεροι εἶναι, ἑκόντας δεῖ ποιεῖν, ὅ τι πλείστου ἄξιον φαίνεται εἶναι.

"We ought to distinguish ourselves so far from slaves, as that slaves do service to their masters against their wills; and if we desire to be free, we ought willingly to perform what appears to be most excellent and worthy.” Ashley.

Chap. 14. Οὓς δ' αὖ κατεσκεύαζεν εἰς τὸ δουλεύειν, τού τους οὔτε μελετᾷν τῶν ἐλευθερίων πόνων οὐδένα παρώρμα, οὔτε ὅπλα κεκτῆσθαι ἐπέτρεπεν.

"But in the management of slaves," &c.

Chap. 41. Βουλοίμην δ' ἂν ὑμᾶς καὶ τοῦτο κατανοῆσαι, ὅτι τούτων, ὧν νῦν ὑμῖν παρακελεύομαι, οὐδὲν τοῖς δούλοις προστάττω.

"And I desire likewise that you should observe, that of all these orders that I now give you, I give none to those that are of servile condition."

Chap. 47. Καὶ τοὺς μὲν φίλους ἐπεῖδον δι' ἐμοῦ εὐδαίμονας γενομένους, τοὺς δὲ πολεμίους ὑπ' ἐμοῦ δουλωθέντας.

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'By my means my friends have been made happy, and my eneInies enslaved."

In Xenophon's Expedition of Cyrus, usually termed the Anabasis, book i. chap. 9, we find

Ὥστε φαίνεσθαι τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς, εὐδαιμονεστάτος, τοὺς δὲ κακοὺς δούλους τούτων ἀξιοῦν εἶναι.

"So that brave men were looked upon as most fortunate, and cowards as deserving to be their slaves." Spelman.

Ibid. Παρὰ μὲν Κύρου, δούλου ὄντος, οὐδεὶς ἀπει πρὸς βασιλέα.

"No one, not even a slave, ever deserted Cyrus to go to the king."

Book ii. chap. 3. Δοῦλοι δὲ πολλοὶ εἶποντο.

"They were attended by a great many slaves."

Chap. 5. Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τῶν βαρβάρων τινὲς ἱππέων, διὰ τοῦ πεδίου ἐλαύνοντες, ᾧτινι ἐντυγχάνοιεν Ἕλληνι ἢ δούλῳ ἢ ἐλευθέρῳ, πάντας ἔκτεινον.

“ After this, some of the barbarian horse, scouring the plains,

killed all the Greeks they met with, both freemen and slaves." Spelman.

Ibid. Ἑαυτοῦ γὰρ εἶναι φησίν, ἐπείπερ Κύρου ἦσαν τοῦ ἐκείνου δούλου.

"For, he says, they are his, having belonged to his slave Cyrus."

Book iii. chap. 1. Ἡμᾶς δὲ, οἷς κηδεμὼν μὲν οὐδεὶς πάρεστιν, ἐστρατεύσαμεν δ' ἐπ' αὐτὸν ὡς δοῦλον ἀντὶ βασιλέως ποιήσοντες καὶ ἀποκτενοῦντες, εἰ δυναίμεθα, τί ἂν οιόμεθα παθείν;

“How then will he treat us, who have no support, and who have made war on him, with the design to reduce him from the condition of a king to that of a slave, and, if in our power, to put him to death?"

Book vii. chap. 4. Ὁ δ' εἶπεν· ̓Αλλ' ἔγωγε ἱκανὴν νομίζω νῦν δίκην ἔχειν, εἰ οὗτοι δοῦλοι ἔσονται ἀντ ̓ ἐλευθέρων. "And then he said, but I think myself sufficiently revenged, if these people, instead of freemen, are to be made slaves."

Chap. 7. Σοῦ μὲν γὰρ κρατοῦντος, δουλεία ὑπάρχει αὐτοῖς· κρατουμένου δὲ σοῦ, ἐλευθερία.

"For if you conquer, they are slaves,-but if you are conquered, they are free."

LESSON VIII.

HERODOTUS of Halicarnassus.

WE often find the word δοῦλος, and its various derivatives, in the plain, the simple narrative of this author. His use of the term is as follows:

Book i. chap. 7. Παρὰ τούτων δὲ Ἡρακλεῖδαι ἐπιτραφέντες ἔσχον τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐκ θεοπροπίου, ἐκ δούλης τε τῆς Ἰαρδάνου γεγονότες καὶ Ἡρακλέος.

"The Heraclidæ are descended from Hercules and a female slave of Jardanus.'

Chap. 27. Λαβεῖν ἀρώμενοι Λυδοὺς ἐν θαλάσσῃ, ἵνα ὑπερ