earth the strength of the hills is his vocation, and as in the day of temptation in also. the wilderness:

9 When your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my work.

10 Forty years long was I grieved with this generation, and said, It is a people that do err in their heart, and they have not known my ways:

11 Unto whom I sware in my wrath that they should not enter into my rest.

5 Heb. 3. 7, and 4. 7. 6 Exod. 17. 2, 7. Num. 14. 22, &c. 8 Heb. if they enter into my rest,

PSALM XCV.-This psalm is likewise attributed to David in the Greek and Latin copies. It is certain that St. Paul (Heb. iv. 7) quotes a passage (verses 7 and 8) under his name; and this strengthens the probability, but is not perfectly conclusive, since it was usual, popularly, to call the whole book 'The Psalms of David.' It was probably intended as an invitation or introduction to worship on certain solemn occasions. We do not see on what foundation Calmet ascribes it to the Captivity.

11 Chron. 16.23. 2 Heb. of his name. 3 Or, in the glorious sanctuary.

PSAIM XCVI.-This psalm corresponds to the latter half of that which is given in 1 Chron. xvi., and which David is there said to have delivered first to thank the Lord into the hand of Asaph and his brethren," on the day when the ark was removed from the house of Obed-edom to Mount Zion. There are, however, in the present psalm some alterations, which are supposed to have been made by Ezra, when the Temple was rebuilt, after the Captivity.

4 His lightnings enlightened the world: the earth saw, and trembled.

5 The hills melted like wax at the presence of the LORD, at the presence of the LORD of the whole earth.

6 The heavens declare his righteousness, and all the people see his glory.

7 Confounded be all they that serve graven images, that boast themselves of idols: 'worship him, all ye gods.

8 Zion heard, and was glad; and the daughters of Judah rejoiced because of thy judgments, O LORD.

Or, establishment, 4 Exod. 20. 4. Lev, 26. 1. Deut. 5. 8.

9 For thou, LORD, art high above all the earth: thou art exalted far above all gods.

10 Ye that love the LORD, 'hate evil: he preserveth the souls of his saints; he deli

vereth them out of the hand of the wicked.

11 Light is sown for the righteous, and gladness for the upright in heart.

12 Rejoice in the LORD, ye righteous; and give thanks 'at the remembrance of his holi

ness.

Psal. 34. 14. Amos 5. 15. Rom. 12.9. 7 Or, to the memorial.

PSALM XCVII.-The Septuagint and Vulgate call this "A Psalm of David when his land was restored." It is not clear what they mean by this: but the psalm probably was written by David, though it may be difficult to determine the occasion on which it was written. Indeed there is something very uncertain in attempting, without strong internal evidence, to determine the occasion of particular psalms; since it is probable that very many were written without reference to particular circumstances, or, at least, to any such circumstances as history records.

Verse 11. "Light is sown for the righteous."-The Prayer-book version is, "There is sprung up a light for the righteous," which certainly furnishes a more natural image, and is sanctioned by all the ancient versions, except the Syriac, which has, "Light has shone." They appear to have read the word a letter differently (for y) from our present copies, which require the version which our translation exhibits.

PSALM XCVIII.

1 The psalmist exhorteth the Jews, 4 the Gentiles, 7 and all the creatures to praise God.

A Psalm.

O SING unto the LORD a new song; for he hath done marvellous things: his right hand, and his holy arm, hath gotten him the victory.

2 The LORD hath made known his salvation his righteousness hath he 'openly shewed in the sight of the heathen.

3 He hath remembered his mercy and his truth toward the house of Israel: all the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God.

5 Sing unto the LORD with the harp; with the harp, and the voice of a psalm.

6 With trumpets and sound of cornet make a joyful noise before the LORD, the King.

7 Let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein. 8 Let the floods clap their hands: let the hills be joyful together

9 Before the LORD; for he cometh to judge the earth: with righteousness shall he judge the world, and the people with equity.

PSALM XCVIII.-This psalm also is ascribed to David in the Greek and Latin versions; and it is generally believed to have been written by him, although Calmet and some others would rather ascribe it to the Captivity.

a

D

a, Trumpet or Funeral Pipe, from an ancient Tomb at Troy.

b, Smaller, of the same kind, from Herculaneum.

Ancient Cornets-a, from Herculaneum; b, from Calmet.

Verse 6. "Trumpets... cornet."-With respect to these wind instruments, our information is rather more distinct and satisfactory than with reference to any others mentioned in Scripture. Concerning the cornets or horns we have already spoken in the note to Josh. vi. 4. The trumpets of the last Temple were probably formed after the ancient model; and as these are represented among the spoils of that temple on the triumphal arch of Titus at Rome (see the engrav 625

VOL. 11.

4 L

ing, vol. i. p. 200), we are enabled to see that they were long, straight trumpets, of a form which has always been and continues to be common. Straight trumpets, as well as curved horns, natural or artificial, are rather common on the ancient monuments of Greece and Rome; and the former sometimes occurs in Egyptian paintings. In Rosellini's 'Monumenti dell' Egitto, there is a plate (M. R. xcii) representing a battle scene, copied from a painting on the walls of an Egyptian tomb, and in which a trumpeter, blowing vehemently a trumpet of this form, makes a very conspicuous appearance. He has another of the same sort under his left arm. They are both painted yellow, to indicate, probably, that they were either of gold or brass; and, as compared with the trumpeter's stature seem to be about eighteen inches in length. Trumpets and horns are the "In the infancy of a state," says Burney, only instruments concerning which any directions are given in the Law.

Ancient Trumpet, from Calmet.

"a nation has but little leisure for cultivating music any otherwise than it is connected with religious rites and the military art;" and it is thus that he accounts for the fact that (with the exception of Miriam's timbrel) no instru ments but horns and trumpets are noticed in the Law. And indeed it may be said that they are scarcely mentioned as musical instruments, but as suited to and employed for making signals, calls, and conveying intimations during the religious solemnities, and in the field of war. In the main the trumpet thus served the same purpose, in a religious and civil sense, as bells among Christians, and the voice among Mohammedans. Indeed, it is understood that Mohammed directed the voice to be employed, in order to mark a distinction between his own sect and the Jews with their trumpets and the Christians with their bells. It is clear, however, that trumpets and cornets were introduced into the musical choirs in the time of David; while they stil! continued to be employed in their former service. The following particulars concerning the use of trumpets in the Temple will be useful, and are collected chiefly from Lightfoot's Temple Service.' The trumpets were sounded exclusively by the priests who stood not in the Levitical choir, but apart, and opposite to the Levites, on the other side of the altar, both parties looking towards it -the priests on the west side and the Levites on the east. The trumpets did not join in the concert; but were sounded during certain regulated pauses in the vocal and instrumental music. "The manner of their blowing with their trumpets was first a long plain blast; then a blast with breakings and quaverings; and then a long plain blast again...The priests did never blow but these three blasts went together... The Jews do express these three several soundings that they made at one blowing by the words (translated) An alarm in the midst, and a plain note before and after it:'-which our Christian writers do most commonly express by, Taratantara; though that word seems to put the quavering sound before and after, and the plain in the midst, contrary to the Jewish description of it." The trumpets sounded this taratantara in the morning when the gates were opened, and served to call the Levites and others to their duties, and the people to worship. They were again sounded at the times of sacrifice; and again, several times, as above intimated in the course of the musical service. They were never sounded in one day less than seven times, nor more than sixteen, that is, taking the three distinct blowings as one soundinga point which has been much disputed by the Hebrew writers. The number of trumpets was not, according to regulation, to be less than two, nor more than a hundred and twenty. This information is of course derived from Rabbinical authorities, and refers particularly to the temple service in the times of the New Testament, although much, if not all of it, may be supposed equally applicable to a much earlier period.

PSALM XCIX.

1 The prophet, setting forth the kingdom of God in
Zion, 5 exhorteth all, by the example of forefa-
thers, to worship God at his holy hill.
THE LORD reigneth; let the people tremble:
he sitteth between the cherubims; let the
earth 'be moved.

2 The LORD is great in Zion; and he is high above all the people.

Idea (not an ancient authority) of a Levitical Trumpeter. From
Van Bleyswyck's figure, in Calmet.

3 Let them praise thy great and terrible name; for it is holy.

4 The king's strength also loveth judg ment; thou dost establish equity, thou executest judgment and righteousness in Jacob. 5 Exalt ye the LORD our God, and worship at his footstool; for he is holy.

6 Moses and Aaron among his priests, and Samuel among them that call upon

his

name; they called upon the LORD, and he | God: thou wast a God that forgavest them, answered them. though thou tookest vengeance of their inventions.

7 He spake unto them in the cloudy pillar: they kept his testimonies, and the ordinance that he gave them.

9 Exalt the LORD our God, and worship at his holy hill; for the LORD our God is holy.

8 Thou answeredst them, O LORD our PSALM XCIX.-The old versions attribute this psalm to David: and there does not appear any better conclusion. It would seem to have been written when he was quietly and firmly established in his kingdom. But Calmet, with the concurrence of some other Biblical critics, rather conceives that it was used at the dedication of the second temple, or of the city walls, after the Captivity. The mention of Samuel, in verse 7, shows that it could not have been written by Moses, and strengthens the probability of its being the composition of David. If it had been written after the Captivity, it is likely that some other and later prophet would also have been mentioned.

PSALM C.

is he that hath made us, and not we our

1 An exhortation to praise God cheerfully, 3 for his selves; we are his people, and the sheep of greatness, 4 and for his power. his pasture.

A Psalm of 'praise.

MAKE a joyful noise unto the LORD, 'all ye lands.

2 Serve the LORD with gladness: come before his presence with singing.

3 Know ye that the LORD he is God: it

4 Enter into his gates with thanksgiving, and into his courts with praise: be thankful unto him, and bless his name.

5 For the LORD is good; his mercy s everlasting; and his truth endureth 'to all generations.

1 Or, thanksgiving. 2 Heb, all the earth. 8 Or, and his we are. 4 Heb. to generation and generation.

PSALM C.-The Septuagint ascribes this as well as the preceding psalms to David. It is not very clear by whom it was written; but it is generally believed that it was designed to be used when the sacrifices of thanksgiving (Lev. vii. 12) were offered. The present is the only psalm that bears this title; in which the word translated " marginal reading intimates, the same that is rendered "thanksgiving" in verse 4.

PSALM CI.

David maketh a vow and profession of godliness.
A Psalm of David.

I WILL sing of mercy and judgment: unto
thee, O LORD, will I sing.

2 I will behave myself wisely in a perfect way. O when wilt thou come unto me? I will walk within my house with a perfect heart.

3 I will set no 'wicked thing before mine eyes I hate the work of them that turn aside; it shall not cleave to me.

4 A froward heart shall depart from me: I will not know a wicked person.

1 Heb. thing of Belial.

praise" is, as the

5 Whoso privily slandereth his neighbour, him will I cut off: him that hath an high look and a proud heart will not I suffer.

6 Mine eyes shall be upon the faithful of the land, that they may dwell with me: he that walketh 'in a perfect way, he shall serve

me.

7 He that worketh deceit shall not dwell within my house: he that telleth lies 'shall not tarry in my sight.

8 I will early destroy all the wicked of the land; that I may cut off all wicked doers from the city of the LORD.

PSALM CI.-This psalm appears to have been written when David was established in his kingdom, and to express the views with which he purposed to conduct its government. Some think it was written soon after he became king of all Israel.