Gorgus; the Ionians, as soon as they learned this, sailed away to Ionia. Of the cities in Cyprus, Soli held out against the siege for the longest time; but the Persians, having undermined the wall all round, took it in the fifth month.

116. Thus the Cyprians, having been free for one year, were again reduced to servitude; but Daurises, who had married a daughter of Darius, and Hymees, and Otanes, and other Persian generals who also had married daughters of Darius, having pursued those of the Ionians who had attacked Sardis, and having driven them to their ships when they had conquered them in battle, next divided the cities among themselves and proceeded to plunder them. 117. Daurises, directing his march toward the cities on the Hellespont, took Dardanus; he also took Abydos, Percote, Lampsacus, and Pæsus: these he took each in one day; but as he was advancing from Pæsus against Parium, news was brought him that the Carians, having conspired with the Ionians, had revolted from the Persians; therefore, turning back from the Hellespont, he led his army against Caria. 118. Somehow

news of this was brought to the Carians before Daurises arrived. The Carians, having heard of it, assembled at what are called the White Columns, on the river Marsyas, which, flowing from the territory of Idrias; flows into the Mæander. When the Carians were assembled on this spot, several other propositions were made, of which the best appeared to be that of Pixodarus, son of Mausolus, a Cyndian, who had married the daughter of Syennesis, king of the Cilicians. His opinion was, that the Carians, having crossed the Mæander, and having the river in their rear, should so engage, in order that the Carians, not being able to retreat, and being compelled to remain on their ground, might be made even braver than they naturally were. This opinion, however, did not prevail, but that the Mæander should rather be in the rear of the Persians than of themselves, to the end that if the Persians should be put to flight, and worsted in the engagement, they might have no retreat, and fall into the river. 119. Afterward, the Persians having come up and crossed the Mæander, the Carians thereupon came to an engagement with the Persians on the banks of the river Marsyas, and they fought an obstinate battle, and for a long time, but at last were overpowered by numbers. Of the Persians there fell about two thousand, and

of the Carians ten thousand. Such of them as escaped from thence were shut up in Labranda, a large precinct and sacred grove of plane-trees, dedicated to Jupiter Stratius. The Carians are the only people we know who offer sacrifices to Jupiter Stratius. They, then, being shut up in this place, consulted on the means of safety, whether they would fare better by surrendering themselves to the Persians, or by abandoning Asia altogether. 120. While they were deliberating about this, the Milesians and their allies came to their assistance; upon this the Carians gave up what they were before deliberating about, and prepared to renew the war; and they engaged with the Persians when they came up, and having fought, were more signally beaten than before; though in the whole many fell, the Milesians suffered most. 121. The Carians, however, afterward recovered this wound, and renewed the contest; for, hearing that the Persians designed to invade their cities, they placed an ambuscade on the way to Pedasus, into which the Persians falling by night, were cut in pieces, both they and their generals Daurises, Amorges, and Sisamaces; and with them perished Myrses, son of Gyges. The leader of this ambuscade was Heraclides, son of Ibanolis, a Mylassian. Thus the Persians were destroyed.

122. Hymees, who was also one of those who pursued the Ionians that had attacked Sardis, bending his march toward the Propontis, took Cius of Mysia; but having taken it, when he heard that Daurises had quitted the Hellespont, and was marching against Caria, he abandoned the Propontis, and led his army on the Hellespont; and he subdued all the Æolians who inhabited the territory of Ilium, and subdued the Gergi · thæ, the remaining descendants of the ancient Teucrians; but Hymees himself, having subdued these nations, died of disease in the Troad. 123. Thus, then, he died; but Artaphernes, governor of Sardis, and Otanes, one of the three generals, were appointed to invade Ionia and the neighboring territory of Æolia. Of Ionia, accordingly, they took Clazomenæ; and of the Eolians, Cyme.

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124. When these cities were taken, Aristagoras the9 Milesian, for he was not, as it proved, a man of strong courage, who

• The two others were Daurises and Hymees; see ch. 116.

9 The reader will observe that the sentence is broken and imperfect; it is so in the original.

having thrown Ionia into confusion, and raised great disturbances, thought of flight when he saw these results; and, besides, it seemed to him impossible to overcome king Darius; therefore, having called his partisans together, he conferred with them, saying "that it would be better for them to have some sure place of refuge in case they should be expelled from Miletus." He asked, therefore, whether he should lead them to Sardinia, to found a colony, or to Myrcinus of the Edonians, which Histiæus had begun to fortify, having received it as a gift from Darius. 125. However, the opinion of Hecatæus the historian, son of Hegesander, was, that they should set out for neither of these places, but that, having built a fortress in the island of Leros, they should remain quiet if they were compelled to quit Miletus; and that at some future time, proceeding from thence, they might return to Miletus. This Iwas the advice of Hecatæus. 126. But Aristagoras himself was decidedly in favor of proceeding to Myrcinus; he therefore intrusted Miletus to Pythagoras, a citizen of distinction, and he himself, taking with him all who were willing, sailed to Thrace, and took possession of the region to which he was bound. But, setting out from thence, both Aristagoras himself and all his army perished by the hands of the Thracians as he was laying siege to a city, and the Thracians were willing to depart on terms of capitulation.

BOOK V I.

ERATO.

ARISTAGORAS, having induced the Ionians to revolt, thus died; and Histiæus, tyrant of Miletus, having been dismissed by Darius, repaired to Sardis. When he arrived from Susa, Artaphernes, governor of Sardis, asked him for what reason he supposed the Ionians had revolted. Histiæus said he did not know, and seemed surprised at what had happened, as if he in truth knew nothing of the present state of affairs. But Artaphernes, perceiving that he was dissembling, and being aware of the exact truth as to the revolt, said, "Histiæus, the state of the case is this: you made the shoe, and Aristagoras has put it on." 2. Artaphernes spoke thus concerning the revolt; but Histiæus, fearing Artaphernes, as being privy to the truth, as soon as night came on, fled to the coast, having deceived king Darius; for, having promised to reduce the great island of Sardinia, he insinuated himself into the command of the Ionians in the war against Darius. Having crossed over to Chios, he was put in chains by the Chians, being suspected by them of planning some new design against them in favor of Darius. However, the Chians, having learned the whole truth, and that he was an enemy to the king, released him. 3. At that time, Histiæus being questioned by the Ionians why he had so earnestly pressed Aristagoras to revolt from the king, and had wrought so much mischief to the Ionians, he by no means made known to them the true reason, but told them that "king Darius had resolved to remove the Phœnicians, and settle them in Ionia, and the Ionians in Phoenicia ; and for this reason he had pressed him." Although the king had formed no resolution of the kind, he terrified the Ionians. 4. After this, Histiæus, corresponding by means of a messenger, Hermippus, an Atarnian, sent letters to certain Persians in Sardis, as if they had before conferred with him on the

5.

subject of a revolt; but Hermippus did not deliver the letters to the persons to whom he had been sent, but put them into the hands of Artaphernes; he, having discovered all that was going on, commanded Hermippus to deliver the letters of Histiæus to the persons for whom he brought them, and to deliver to him the answers that should be sent back to Histiæus from the Persians. Thus they being discovered, Artaphernes thereupon put many of the Persians to death; and in consequence, there was a great commotion in Sardis. Histiæus being disappointed of these hopes, the Chians conveyed him to Miletus at his own request; but the Milesians, delighted at being rid of Aristagoras, were by no means desirous to receive another tyrant in their country, as they had tasted of freedom. Thereupon Histiæus, going down to Miletus by night, endeavored to enter it by force, but was wounded in the thigh by one of the Milesians. When he was repulsed from his own country, he went back to Chios, and from thence, since he could not persuade the Chians to furnish him with ships, he crossed over to Mitylene, and prevailed with the Lesbians to furnish him with ships; and they, having manned eight triremes, sailed with Histiæus to Byzantium. There taking up their station, they took all the ships that sailed out of the Pontus, except such of them as said they were ready to submit to Histiæus.

6. Histiæus, then, and the Mitylenians, acted as above described; but a large naval and land force was expected against Miletus itself; for the Persian generals, having united their forces and formed one camp, marched against Miletus, deeming the other cities of less consequence. Of the maritime forces, the Phoenicians were the most zealous, and the Cyprians, who had been lately subdued, served with them, and the Cilicians and Egyptians. 7. They then advanced against Miletus and the rest of Ionia; but the Ionians, having heard of this, sent their respective deputies to the Panionium,1 and when they arrived at that place and consulted together, it was determined not to assemble any land forces to oppose the Persians, but that the Milesians themselves should defend the walls, and that they should man their navy, without leaving a single ship behind; and after they had manned them, to assemble as soon as possible at Lade, to

See B. I. chap. 143, 148.