was to abolish the practice of human sacrifices, injustice, and idolatrous worship.1 1519. While at St. Juan de Ulua, the lord of Zempoalla sent five ambassadors to solicit the friendship of Cortes, who readily agreed to a friendly correspondence. Cortes now incorporated a town, and named it Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, designing, however, to settle it at another place. In the first council after this incorporation, Cortes renounced the title of captain-general, which he had held from Diego Velazquez, and the town and people elected him to the same office. The council of Vera Cruz now wrote to the king of Spain, giving an account of their new town, and beseeching him, that he would grant Cortes a commission of captain-general, in confirmation of that which he now held from from the town and troops, without any dependence on Diego Velazquez. Cortes, having written at the same time to the king, giving him assurance of his hopes of bringing the Mexican July 16. empire to the obedience of his majesty, sent despatches by one patches to of his ships to Spain, with a rich present to king Charles. This Spain. present partly consisted of articles of gold and silver, received from Montezuma; and those were the first specimens of these metals sent to Spain, from Mexico.3 Four Indian chiefs, with two female attendants, now went voluntarily to Spain.1 Sends des Cortes had some time since received the ultimate order of Montezumo to depart instantly out of his dominions; but that mandate, like the former messages, being preposterously accompanied with a present, served merely to inflame desires, already kindled, and to renew the request of an audience. Intent on his design, he first marched through Zempoalla to Chiahuitzla, about 40 miles to the northward of St. Juan de Ulua, and there settled the town of Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, and put it in a Settles Vera posture of defence.5 Determined to conquer or to die, he now Cruz. 1 B. Diaz, c. 38. De Solis, lib. 2. c. 5. Robertson, b. 5. Fr. Bartholome was chaplain to the expedition, and not less respectable for wisdom than virtue. For an account of the Mexican worship and religious rites, see Herrera, d. 3. lib. 2. c. 15. Clavigero, b. 6; and Dissertation 8th in 3d volume. M. de Humboldt says, "M. Dupé, in the service of the king of Spain, has long employed himself in curious researches regarding the idols and architecture of the MexiHe possesses the bust in bisaltes of a Mexican priestess, which I employed M. Massard to engrave, and which bears great resemblance to the Calanthica of the heads of Isis." N. Spain, ii. 172. cans. 2 B. Diaz, i. 84-91. De Solis, b. 2. c. 5, 6, 7, 13. 3 Clavigero, i. 425, 426. 4 P. Martyr, 311. 5 Robertson, b. 5. De Solis, lib. 1. c. 10. Until this march, Villa Rica was moveable, but organized: "Till then it moved with the army, though observing its proper distinctions as a republic." It was now settled on the plain between the sea and Chiahuitzla, half a league from that town, and 200 miles southeast of the city of Mexico. It has since, says the author of European Settlements (i. 75.) become a city, remarkable for the great traffic carried on between the opulent countries of Spanish America and Old Spain." ces his march to CO. 1519. completely destroyed his fleet, and commenced his march toward Mexico. He took with him 500 men, 15 horse, and 6 field Commen- pieces; and left the rest of his troops, as a garrison, in Villa Rica. The lord of Zempoalla supplied him with provisions, and ward Mexi- 200 of those Indians called Tamemes, whose office was to carry burdens, and perform all servile labour. Having passed unmolested through several Indian towns, which, through the influence of Zempoalla and Chiahuitzla, were previously in the friendly confederacy, he with extreme difficulty passed an abrupt and craggy mountain, and entered the province of Zocothlan. Here he received information of Tlascala, and resolved to pass through that province on his way to Mexico. Approaching nigh to its confines, he sent four Zempoallans of great eminence, as envoys, to obtain a passage through the country. The messengers being detained, Cortes proceeded in his march, and first successfully engaged 5000 Tlascalan Indians, who were in ambush; and afterward the whole power of their republic. The Tlascalans, after suffering great slaughter in repeated assaults on the Spaniards, concluded a treaty, in which they yielded themselves as vassals to the crown of Castile, and engaged to assist Cortes in all his future operations. He took the republic under his protection, and promised to defend the persons and possessions of its inhabitants from injury or violence; and now entered its capital without molestation.1 Sept. 23. city of Arrives at Iztapalapan. After remaining about twenty days in Tlascala, to receive the homage of the principal towns of the republic and of their confederates, Cortes, taking with him several thousand of his new allies, renewed his march. After having forced his way through the most formidable opposition, and eluded various stratagems, formed by Montezuma to obstruct his progress, he arrived at Iztapalapan, six miles distant from Mexico, and made a disposition for an entrance into that great city.3 Meanwhile Montezuma, 1 Robertson, b. 5. De Solis, b. 2. c. 13-21. B. Diaz, i. c. 6. "We entered the territory of Tlascala," says Diaz, "24 days before our arrival at the chief eity, which was on the 23d of September, 1519." 2 Authors differ in respect to the number of Tlascalans, that Cortes took with him. B. Diaz says 2000: Herrera, 3000; Cortes himself says 6000. De Solis, lib. 3. c. 4, 5. "All the inhabitants thereof [Tlascala] are free by the kings of Spain; for these were the occasion that Mexico was woone in so short time, and with so little losse of men. Wherefore they are all gentlemen, and pay no tribute to the king." Hakluyt, iii. 462. Account of Nova Hispania, written by Henry Hawks, merchant, who lived five years in that country, "and drew the same at the request of M. Richard Hakluyt, 1572." 3 At Cholula, a large city, 5 leagues distant from Tlascala and 20 from Mexico, a plot for the destruction of the Spaniards being discovered, Cortes directed his troops and allies to fall on the inhabitants, 600 of whom were killed without the loss of a single Spaniard. Robertson, b. 5. Clavigero, ii. 52.—Iztapalapan was a large and beautiful city, which contained at that time more than 12,000 houses, and was situated towards the point of a peninsula, from which a paved causeway, 8 yards wide, extended, without varying the least from a right line, 991 baffled in all his schemes for keeping the Spaniards at a distance, 1519. found Cortes almost at the gates of his capital, before he was resolved whether to receive him as a friend, or to oppose him as an enemy. The next day Cortes marched his army, consisting of about 450 Spaniards and 6000 confederate Indians, along the grand causeway, which extended in a straight line to the city of Mexico. It was crowded with people, as were also all the towers, temples, and causeways in every part of the lake, attracted to behold such men and animals as they had never before seen. To the Spaniards every thing appeared wonderful. The objects, great in themselves, were probably magnified in their view by contrast with their own weakness, and by perpetual apprehension of meeting a desperate enemy in a monarch, the extent of whose power was incalculable. As the Spaniards advanced, beside numerous towns seen at a distance on the lake, they discovered the great city of Mexico, "elevated to a vast degree above all the rest, and carrying an air of dominion in the pride of her buildings." When they drew near the city, a great number of the lords of the court came forth to meet them, adorned with plumes, and clad in mantles of fine cotton; and announced the approach of Montezuma. Soon after appeared 200 persons, in a uniform dress, marching two and two, in deep silence, barefooted, with their eyes fixed on the ground. Next followed a company of higher rank, in showy apparel, in the midst of whom Is met by was Montezuma, in a most magnificent litter, borne by his prin- Montezucipal nobility. When Cortes was told, that the great Montezuma ma. approached, he dismounted, and respectfully advanced toward bim. Montezuma at the same time alighted, and, supported by some of his chief princes, approached with a slow and stately pace, in a superb dress, his attendants covering the streets with cotton cloths, that he might not touch the ground. After mutual Nov. 8. salutations, Montezuma conducted Cortes to the quarters which Enters he had prepared in the city for his reception, and immediately took leave of him, with the most courtly expressions of hospitality and respect. Cortes took instant precaution for security. He planted the artillery so as to command the different avenues to the southern gate of the great temple in Mexico. Clavigero, ii. 62, 65. B. Diaz, i. 188. Clavigero says, this causeway extended more than 7 miles; but the temple, to which it led, was about a mile and a half within the city of Mexico. 1 De Solis, lib. 3. c. 10. Robertson, b. 5. B. Diaz, c. 88.—“ se diò vista desde mas cerca (y no sin admiracion) à la gran Ciudad de Mexico, que se levantava con excesso entre les demàs, y al parecerse le conocia el predominio hasta en la sobervia de sus Edificios." De Solis. The name Mexico is of Indian origin. It signifies the place of Mexitli, or Huitzilopochtli, the Mars of the Mexicans, on account of the sanctuary there erected to him. Clavigero, b. 1. c. 1. It appears, however, that before the year 1530, the city was more commonly called Tenochtitlan. Humboldt, b. 1. c. 1. Alcedo, Art. MEXICO. Mexico: 1519. that led to the place; appointed a large division of his troops to be always on guard; and posted sentinels at proper stations, with injunctions to observe the same vigilant discipline as if they were in sight of an enemy's camp.1 Cortes re. solves to seize Montezuma. 2 Cortes, knowing that his safety depended on the will of a monarch in whom he had no right to confide, determined, with unexampled temerity, to seize Montezuma in his own palace, and bring him as a prisoner to the Spanish quarters. Having properly posted his troops, he took five of his prime officers and as many soldiers, thirty chosen men following at a distance, as if without any other object but curiosity, and, at the usual hour of visiting Montezuma, went directly to the palace, where they were admitted without suspicion. An assault lately made on the garrison at Vera Cruz, and a treacherous attempt against the Spaniards at Cholula on their march toward Mexico, were made the pretext for a charge against Montezuma. Satisfaction was demanded of the astonished sovereign, who endeavoured to explain and exculpate. Nothing satisfied. It was expected that he would go to the Spanish quarters, as an evidence of his confidence and attachment. On his resenting this indignity, an altercation of three hours succeeded, when an impetuous young Spaniard proposing instantly to seize him, or stab him to the heart, the intimidated monarch abandoned himself to his destiny. Consenting to accompany the Spaniards, he called his officers Montezuma and communicated to them his resolution. Though astonished Spanish and afflicted, they presumed not to dispute his will, but carried him "in silent pomp, all bathed in tears," to the Spanish quarters. The principal persons concerned in the assault at Vera Cruz, who had been sent for by Montezuma himself, having been tried by a Spanish court martial, were burnt alive. Cortes, convinced that they would not have ventured to make the attack without orders from their master, put Montezuma in fetters during their execution; a monitory sign, that the measure of his humiliation and of his woes was nearly full. During six months, in which the Spaniards remained in Mexico, he continued in their quarters, attended by his officers, with the external appearance and the ancient forms of government, but in personal subjection to a foreign and intrusive power. By the persuasion of Cortes, taken to the quarters. 1 Robertson, b. 5. B. Diaz, i. c. 8. De Solis, lib. 3. c. 10. Clavigero, ii. 6366. Clavigero says of the quarters" prepared for Cortes, they were a palace, built by king Axajatl, the father of Montezuma; which was so large, as to accommodate both the Spaniards and their allies, who, together with their attendant women and servants, exceeded 7000. 2 This was eight days after the arrival of the Spaniards at Mexico. B. Diaz. Among the favourite soldiers, who now accompanied Cortes, was Diaz himself, who had already begun to make observations in order to compile a history. De Solis. Montezuma acknowledged himself a vassal of the king of Cas- 1519. tile, to hold his crown of him, as superior, and to subject his dominions to the payment of an annual tribute. He now firmly Owns himexpressed his desires and expectations, that Cortes, having of Castile. finished his embassy, would take his departure.1 self a vassal against Ar this juncture, a fleet and army, sent against Cortes by 1520. Velazquez under the command of Pamphilo de Narvaez, made Cortes a fruitless attempt to reduce the Spaniards of Vera Cruz. Cortes, marches having made overtures of peace, that were rejected by Narvaez, Narvaez. departed from Mexico, leaving a part of his forces in that city under Alvarado, and marched to Zempoalla, where he attacked Conquers Narvaez in his quarters, obtained the victory, and obliged his troops to serve under his banner. Receiving intelligence that the Mexicans had taken up arms against the Spaniards, whom Returns to he left with Montezuma, he now marched back, strongly rein- Mexico. forced, to Mexico.2 him. June 24. Alvarado, it appears, in the apprehension of danger from the Mexicans, who were enraged at the detention of their sovereign, had fallen on them while they were dancing at a festival in honour of their gods, and mutual hostilities had succeeded. Cortes, on his arrival at Mexico, assumed a haughty air and indignant tone, both toward the captive king and his people. Irritated afresh, the Mexicans fell furiously on a party of Spaniards in the streets, and attacked their quarters at the same moment. Early the next morning, the Spaniards, sallying out with their whole force, were met by the whole force of the Mexicans; and, after an action fought with mutual desperation, were compelled to retreat to their quarters. Having spent one day in making preparations, 100 Spaniards at day break sallied out again, and, amidst showers of arrows, made their way to the great temple, in the upper area of which 500 nobles had fortified Engagethemselves, and were doing essential injury with stones and ar- temple. rows.3 After making three attempts to ascend the temple, and 1 De Solis, lib. 4. c. 14. Robertson, b. 5. Montezuma accompanied this profession of fealty and homage with a magnificent present to his new sovereign; and his subjects followed the example. The Spaniards now collected all the treasure, which they had acquired by gift or violence; and having melted the gold and silver, the value of these, without including jewels and various ornaments of curious workmanship, amounted to 600,000 pesos. B. Diaz says, "seiscientos mil pesos, como adelante dire, sin la plata, é otras muchas riquezas." c. 104. 2 Robertson, b. 5. Clavigero says, that 140 soldiers, with all their allies, had been left in Mexico; that Cortes now returned to that city with an army of 1300 Spanish infantry, 96 horses, and 2000 Tlascalans; and that his combined forces amounted to 9000 men. Hist. Mex. ii. 96, 101, 102. 3 Their station was "so very high and neighbouring," that it entirely commanded the Spanish quarters. Clavigero. Robertson represents this action, at the temple, as after the death of Montezuma; but I follow Clavigero, who folowed Cortes. ment at the |