CONTENTS.

TWENTY-FIRST LECTURE.

Object of the lecture-Of capitularies in general-Review of the capitula-

ries of the Carlovingian Frank kings-Of the two forms under which

the capitularies have descended to us-Scattered capitularies-Collection

of Angesise and of the deacon Benedict-Of the edition of the capitula-

ries by Baluze-Erroneous idea generally entertained as to capitularies

-They are not invariably laws-Great variety in these acts-Attempt

at classification-Table of contents of the capitularies of Charlemagne :

1. Moral legislation-2. Political legislation-3. Penal legislation-4.

Civil legislation-5. Religious legislation-6. Canonical legislation-7.

Domestic legislation-8. Incidental legislation-True character of the
capitularies .

p. 9

TWENTY-SECOND LECTURE.

Of intellectual decay in Frankish Gaul, from the fifth to the eighth cen-

tury-Of its causes-It ceases under the reign of Charlemagne-Diffi-

culty of describing the state of the human mind at this epoch-Alcuin

is its most complete and faithful representative-Life of Alcuin-His la-

bors for the restoration of manuscripts--For the restoration of schools-

His teaching in the school of the palace-His relations with Charle-

magne-His conduct as abbot of Saint Martin of Tours-His works:

1. Theological; 2. Philosophical and literary; 3. Historical; 4. Poeti-

cal-His general character

TWENTY-THIRD LECTURE.

p. 18

Classification of celebrated men of the age of Charlemagne: 1. Leidrade,

archbishop of Lyons-His letter to Charlemagne upon what he has done

in his diocese-2. Theodulph, archbishop of Orleans-His measures for

the instruction of the people-His poem entitled Exhortation to Judges

3. Smaragde, abbot of Saint Michael-His treatise of morality for

kings, entitled Via Regia-4. Eginhard-His alleged marriage with a

daughter of Charlemagne-Their relations-Of what happened after

the death of this prince-His letters-His Life of Charlemagne-Re-

capitulation

p. 55

TWENTY-FOURTH LECTURE.

The progress and causes of the dismemberment of the empire of Charle-

magne-1. State of this empire in 843, after the treaty of Verdun—

Inferior state of the kingdom of France at this epoch-2. In 888, after

the death of Charles le Gros-Seven kingdoms-Definitive establish-

ment of the inheritance of fiefs in France-Twenty-nine small states,

or important fiefs, founded at the end of the ninth century-3. In 987,

at the fall of the Carlovingians-Four kingdoms-In France, fifty-five

important fiefs-Explanation of this dismemberment-Their insufficiency

-One only, the diversity of races, developed by M. Thierry, is proba-

ble, but incomplete-The true cause is the impossibility of a great state

at that epoch, and the progressive rise of the local societies which form-

ed the feudal confederation

TWENTY-FIFTH LECTURE.

p. 75

History of legislation from the death of Charlemagne to the accession of

Hugh Capet-Necessity of precisely determining the general character-

istics of the legislation at the two terms of this epoch, in order to under-

stand properly its progress during its course-1. State of the legislation

under Charlemagne-It is personal, and varies according to races-The

church and the imperial power give it some unity-2. State of the legis-

lation after Hugh Capet-It is territorial; local customs have replaced

national laws-All central legislative power has disappeared-3. History

of legislation in Frankish Gaul between these two terms-Analytical

tables of the capitularies of Louis le Débonnaire, Charles le Chauve,

Louis le Begue, Carloman, Eudes, and Charles le Simple--Comparison

of these tables according to the figures only-Comparison of the provi-

sions of the capitularies-General results of this inquiry

TWENTY-SIXTH LECTURE.

p. 93

Object of the lecture-Internal history of the Gallo-Frankish church, from

the middle of the 8th century to the end of the 10th--Anarchy which

pervaded it in the first half of the 8th century-Twofold principle of

reform-The reformation is actually undertaken by the first Carlovin-

gians: 1. By the civil power; 2. By the ecclesiastical power-Special

reforms-Order of Canons-Its origin and progress-Reformation of the

monastic orders by Saint Benedict d'Aniane-They change character-

Preponderance of the temporal power in the Gallo-Frankish church at

this epoch-Proofs-Still the church progresses towards its future pre-

ponderance-But it is not to the profit of its own government, of the

bishops of France, that this progress is to turn

p. 109

TWENTY-SEVENTH LECTURE.

History of papacy-Peculiar situation of the city of Rome-Relations of

the popes about the middle of the eighth century, with the Italian, Span-

ish, Anglo-Saxon, Gallo-Frankish, and Germanic churches-Their al-

liance with the early Carlovingians-Advantages which they drew

from it-Donation of Pepin and of Charlemagne-Sovereignty of the

Carlovingian emperors over the popes-Uncertainty of the ideas, and

incoherency of the facts concerning the rights of papacy-It increas-

es more and more in minds-It apparently acquires a legal title-False

decretals-Nicholas I.-His character-Affair of the marriage of Lo-

thaire and of Teutberge-Affair of Rhotarde, bishop of Soissons-Tri-

umph of papacy: 1. Over temporal sovereigns; 2. Over national churches

-Its decided preponderance in the west

TWENTY-EIGHTH LECTURE.

p. 127

Of the intellectual condition of Frankish Gaul, from the death of Charle-

magne to the accession of Hugh Capet-Sketch of the celebrated men

of this period-The theological mind-The philosophical mind-Hinc-

mar and John Erigena are respectively their representatives-Life of

Hincmar-His activity and influence as archbishop of Rheims-1. Con-

cerning his relations with kings and popes--2. Concerning his admin-

istration in the interior of the Gallo-Frankish church and of his diocese

-3. Concerning his disputes and theological works-Origin of the the-

ology of the middle ages-Quarrel between Hincmar and the monk

Gottschalk upon predestination-Numerous writings upon this subject

-Councils of Kiersy, Valence, and Langres-Recapitulation

TWENTY-NINTH LECTURE.

p. 144

Object of the lecture Of the philosophical spirit in the 9th century-

Scotus or Erigena-His country-Date of his birth-Tradition respect-

ing his travels in Greece-He settles in France at the court of Charles

le Chauve-Of the School of the Palace under Charles-Ancient philo-

sophy studied there--Encouragement of Scotus Erigena-His learn-

ing-Relations of Christianity with the Neoplatonism of Alexandria—

Their struggle-Attempt at Amalgamation-History and pretended

works of Dionysius the Areopagite-Fundamental differences of the two

doctrines: 1, in the point of departure and the method; 2, in the bases

of the questions-These differences occur between Scotus Erigena and

the Christian theologians of the 9th century-Examination of his works:

1, De Prædestinatione: 2, De Divisione Naturæ-His celebrity and his

death-Recapitulation

THIRTIETH LECTURE.

p. 166

General summary of the course-Extent and variety of subjects-The his-

tory of civilization, its price-It is the result of all partial histories-Uni-

ty and variety of the existence of a people-Three essential elements

in French civilization, Greco-Roman antiquity, Christianity, Germany

-1. Of the Roman element, from the 5th to the 10th century-Under

a social point of view-Under an intellectual point of view-2. Of the

Christian element, from the 5th to the 10th century-Under a social

point of view-Under an intellectual point of view-3. Of the German-

ic element, from the 5th to the 10th century--Under a social point of

view-Under an intellectual point of view-Two principal facts charac-

terize this epoch: 1. The prolongation, more or less apparent, but every-

where real, of Roman society and its influence-2. The disorderly and

indeterminate fermentation of the different elements of modern civili-

zation-Conclusion

p. 189

ILLUSTRATIONS AND HISTORICAL TABLES

I. Table of the organization of the court, and of the central govern-

ment of the Roman empire at the commencement of the fifth

century

p. 203

II. Table of the hierarchy of ranks and titles in Roman society at

the same epoch

III. Narrative of the embassy sent in 449 by Theodosius the Younger,

emperor of the east, to Attila, established on the banks of the

Danube

209

211

IV. Chronological table of the principal events of the political history

of Gaul, from the fifth to the tenth century

230

VII. Table of the councils and canonical legislation of Gaul, from

the fifth to the tenth century

V. Chronological table of the principal events in the ecclesiastical

history of Gaul, from the fifth to the tenth century.

VI. Chronological table of the principal events of the literary history

of Gaul, from the fifth to the tenth century

233

237

246