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for irrigation purposes. During the rule of the Greeks Egypt was divided into three parts: Upper, Central, and Lower Egypt; Central Egypt consisted of seven nomes, and was called Heptanomis.

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4. Uast.

2. Tes-Ḥeru. Teb (Apollinopolis magna, Heru - Bel u

3. Ten.

Arab. Uṭfu or Edfu).

tet.

Necheb (Eileithyia), in later Nechet.

times Sene (Latopolis),

Esneh.

Uast (Thebes), in later Åmen-Rā.

times Hermonthis.

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15. Teḥuti.

16. Char.

Pa-Teḥuti (Hermopolis).

Pabaneb-tet (Mendes).

17. Sam-beḥutet. Pa-chen-en-Amen (Dios

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chati.

Isis.

Anhur.

Rā.

Horus.

Thoth.

Ba-neb-tet Amen-Rā.

Bast.

Uat'.

Sept.

Kesem (Phakussa).

Egypt proper terminates at Aswân (Syene); the territory south of that town for a certain distance on each side of the river Nile is called Nubia. The races who lived there in very early times caused the Egyptians much trouble, and we know from the tomb-inscriptions at Aswân that expeditions were sent against these peoples by the

Egyptians as far back as the XIIth dynasty. The area of the land in Egypt proper available for cultivation is about 11,500 square miles; the Delta contains about 6,500 miles, and the Nile Valley with the Fayûm 5,000 miles. The Oases of the Libyan Desert and the Peninsula of Sinai are considered as parts of Egypt. Lower and Upper Egypt are each divided into seven Provinces, the names of which are as follows:

Lower Egypt.

Upper Egypt.

Beḥêreh (capital, Damanhur). Beni-Suêf
Kalyûb (capital, Benha).
Sherkiyeh (capital, Zakâzîk).
Dakhaliyeh (capital, Man-
şûra).
Menûf.

Gharbîyeh (capital Ţanța).
Gîzeh.

(capital, Beni

suêf).
Minyeh (capital, Minyeh).
Sîût (capital, Asyût).
Girgeh (capital, Suhag).

Keneh (capital, Keneh).

Esneh (capital, Esneh).
Wâdi Ḥalfah.

Large towns like Alexandria, Port Sa'îd, Suez, Cairo, Damietta, and Isma‘îlîya are governed by native rulers.

In ancient days the population of Egypt proper is said to have been from seven and a-half to nine millions; at the present time it is probably well over eight millions. The population of the provinces south of Egypt, and which originally belonged to her, has never been accurately ascertained. The country on each side of the Bahr el-Abyad is very thickly peopled; it is generally thought that the population of this and the other provinces which belonged to Egypt in the time of Isma'îl amounts to about ten millions.

THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.

The Egyptians, whom the sculptures and monuments make known to us as being among the most ancient inhabitants of the country, belong, beyond all doubt, to the Caucasian race, and they seem to have migrated thither from the East. The original home of the invaders was, apparently, Asia, and they made their way across Mesopotamia and Arabia, and across the Isthmus of Suez into Egypt. It has been suggested that they sailed across the Indian Ocean and up the Red Sea, on the western shore of which they landed. It is, however, very doubtful if a people who lived in the middle of a huge land like central Asia, would have enough experience to make and handle ships sufficiently large to cross such seas. No period can be fixed for the arrival of the new-comers from the East into Egypt; we are, however, justified in assuming that it took place before B.C. 5000.

When the people from the East had made their way into Egypt, they found there an aboriginal race with a dark skin and complexion. The Egyptians generally called their land Kamt, i.e., "black"; and if the dark, rich colour of the cultivated land of Egypt be considered, the appropriateness of the term will be at once evident. The hieroglyphic which is read Kam, is the skin of a crocodile, and we know from Horapollo (ed. Cory, p. 87), that this sign was used to express anything of a dark colour.* The name "Ham" is given to Egypt by the

* "To denote darkness, they represent the TAIL OF A CROCODILE, for by no other means does the crocodile inflict death and destruction on any animal which it may have caught than by first striking it with its tail, and rendering it incapable of motion."

Bible; this word may be compared with the Coptic кнмє, кнм or хим. The children of Ham are said to be Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan. The second of these, Misraim, is the name given to Egypt by the Hebrews. The dual form of the word, which means "the 66 two lands" double Mişor," probably has reference to the (in Egypt. ), over which the Egyptian kings, in their inscriptions, proclaimed their rule. The descendants of Cush are represented on the monuments by the inhabitants of Nubia and the negro tribes which live to the south of that country. In the earliest times the descendants of Cush appear to have had the same religion as the Egyptians. The Put of the Bible is thought by some to be represented by The the land of Punt, or spice-land, of the monuments. people of Punt appear to have dwelt on both sides of the Red Sea to the south of Egypt and on the Somâli coast, and as far back as B.C. 2500 a large trade was carried on between them and the Egyptians; it is thought that the The aboriginal Egyptians regarded them as kinsmen.

inhabitants of Phoenicia were probably the kinsfolk of the descendants of Mișraim, called by the Bible Canaanites. Diodorus and some other classical authorities tell us that Egypt was colonized from Ethiopia; for this view, however, there is no support. The civilization, religion, arts of building, etc., of the Ethiopians are all of Egyptian origin, and in this, as in so many other points relating to the history of Egypt, the Greeks were either misinformed, or they misunderstood what they were told.

An examination of the painted representations of the Egyptians by native artists, shows us that the pure Egyptian was of slender make, with broad shoulders, long hands and feet, and sinewy legs and arms. His forehead was high, his chin his square, eyes large, his cheeks full, his mouth wide, his lips full, and his nose short and rounded. His jaws did not protrude, and his hair is smooth and fine. The evidence

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