placed alone in the garden, 'to till it and to to the former section, as is shown below, keep it,' receiving also alone by himself the while it betrays no such relation to the Divine command; and he continues in the garden some time by himself, long enough to previous Elohistic section, - a fact, call names to all the cattle, and to the fowl which confirms decisively our previous of the heaven, and to every animal of the conclusion as to the difference between field,' v.20: contr.i.28, where man and woman, on the sixth day, immediately after their the two authors. creation, are blessed together, and are together endowed with dominion over the whole earth; (vi) v.21,22, the woman is made out of one of the man's ribs; contr.i.27, where the woman, is described, apparently, as created, in the same kind of way as the man, by a direct act of creative power.

(i) v.1,8,8,9,13,14,21,22,23, 'Jehovah-Elohim': the writer, however, abstains from placing it in the mouth of the serpent, v.1,5, and in that of the woman, v.3, who apparently repeats the words of the serpent;

(ii) v.1,2,3,8,10, 'the garden,' as in ii.8,9,10, 15,16;

(iii) v.1-3, 'is it so that Elohim has said,' &c.: comp. the command in ii.16,17;

(iv) v.1,14, animal of the field,' as in ii.19, 20: contr.animal of the earth,' 1.25,30; (v) v.3, 'the tree which is in the midst of the

garden': comp.ii.9;

(vi) v.5, in the day of your eating of it': comp.ii.17, in the day of thy eating of it' for the knowledge of good and evil': comp. ii.9,17, the tree of the knowledge of good and evil';

(vii) v.5, knowing good and evil,' v.22,

910. It is obvious that two accounts of the Creation, so different from each other in general character, and in some points varying so remarkably from each other, cannot have proceeded from one and the same hand. Accordingly, observing the peculiar use of the Divine Name in them, we are already justified in using the names 'Elohist' and 'Jehovist' to designate the two writers, v.10, I was afraid, because I was naked,' v.21, (viii) v.7, 'they knew that they were naked,' whoever they may have been, in what-and clothed them': comp.ii.25, they were ever age they may have lived, to whom both naked'; these two sections, i.1-ii.3, ii.4-25, may be now with good reason assumed to be due. We shall find, as we proceed, that the remaining sections of these first eleven chapters separate themselves at once, when attention is paid to the internal evidence which they present, into two sets of passages, differing from each other in tone of thought and forms of expression, and, with one or two exceptions, distinctly referable to the same two writers, to whom must be assigned the composition of the above two primary sections.

911. We now add the following remarks upon the Jehovistic passage, ii.4-25.

(ix) v.18, herb of the field,' as in ii.5; (x) v.20, the name khavvah, Eve,' derived from khavah, 'live': comp. the derivation of the names Adam,' ii.7, Ishah,' ii.23; the secret speech which is ascribed to Jehovah(xi) v.22, and Jehovah-Elohim said: comp. Elohim in ii.18; and observe that the somewhat similar E. passage, 1.26, is essentially different in character, being merely an expansion of the creative words, And Elohim said,' in v.3,6, &c., and does not at all resemble the almost perplexed deliberation of the Divine Being with Himself, in iii.22;

(xii) v.22,24, tree of life,' as in ii.9; (xiii) v.23, till the ground,' as in ii.5; (xiv) v.23, 'the ground from which he was taken: comp. the account of Adam's forma

tion in ii.7;

(xv) v.23,24, 'garden of Eden,' as in ii.15: comp. also 'Eden,' ii.8,10.

913. We may now assume that the writer of ii.4-iii.24 is one and the same (i) In v.20 we have the name 'Adam,' person, and different from the Elohistic which the Jehovist may have adopted from author of i.1-ii.3. We may further the Elohist in i.26,-Let us make Adam observe that this Jehovistic writer is in (E.V. man)'; and he wishes, apparently, to connect it with adamah, ground,' in ii.7, the habit of using strong anthropomorand Jehovah-Elohim formed the man phisms, ascribing to the Deity ordinary (ha-Adam) of dust out of the ground (ha-human actions. Thus we have JehovahAdamah).' (ii) v.23, the Jehovist notes the derivation Elohim spoken of asof the name ishah, 'woman,' from ish, man.'

912. iii.1-24, Jehovistic.

This section is manifestly due to the writer of the preceding section, whoever he may be, since it not only contains the same peculiar form of the Divine Name, but is full of references

(i) forming the man of dust out of the ground, ii.7;

(ii) breathing into his nostrils, ii.7;
(iii) planting a garden, ii.8;

(iv) taking the man, and leaving him in the garden, ii.15;

(v) bringing the birds and beasts to Adam, ii.19;

(vi) desiring to see what he would call them, ii.19;

(ii) v.2, the name Kayin, 'Cain,' derived from kanah, 'get': comp. the derivations of (xviii) driving them out of the garden, iii.Adam,' ii.7, 'Ishah,' ii.23, 'Eve,' iii.20;

(v) v.3, 'in his likeness, after his image': (i) v.9, Noah walked with Elohim,' as in comp.i.26, in our image, after our likeness.' v.22.24;

918. v.29 is a Jehovistic interpolation, as appears-not only from its contain ing the name Jehovah,' but also-from its referring distinctly to the Jehovistic section, ii.4-iv.26.

(i) over our work and over the pain of our hands': comp. the work and pain' imposed on Adam in iii.17-19;

(ii) the ground which Jehovah cursed': comp.iii.17, cursed is the ground for thy sake';

(iii) The name Noakh, Noah, connected with nikham, comfort': comp. the derivations of Adam,' ii.7, Ishah,' ii.23, Eve,' iii. 20, Cain,' iv.1, 'Nod,' iv. 16, 'Seth,' iv.25. N.B.-Probably, the original conclusion of v.28 was and begat Noah,' as in v.6,9,12,15, 18,21,25. In v.3 the Elohist writes, and begat [not begat a son'] in his likeness, after his image, and called his name Seth.' This also suggests that the Elohist would not at any rate have written what now stands in v.28,29, ' and begat a son, and called his name Noah.' As said above, he probably wrote and begat Noah,' and the Jehovist, or some later compiler, has substituted a 'a son' for Noah, in order to introduce his explanation of the

name.

(ii) v.11,12 would hardly have been written by one, who had already written v.5-8;

(iii) v.12, and Elohim saw the earth, and behold! it was corrupted: comp.i.31, and Elohim saw all that He had made, and behold! it was very good';

(iv) v.20,20,20, after his kind,' as in i.11, 12,21,&c. (ten times);

(v) v.20, every creeping thing of the ground,' as in i.25;

922. vi.15,16, Jehovistic.

These verses appear to be Jehovistic: since the Elohist seems to have completed his directions for the making of the Ark in v.14,

'make it of cypress-wood, make it in cells, pitch it within and without;

after which we find a fresh set of di|rections,

and this is how thou shalt make it, &c.'

It is, however, impossible to speak with perfect confidence here, as the indications are slight, and these last words might be understood to mean,—

"This is how thou shalt determine the dimensions of the Ark.'

919. vi.1-8, Jehovistic. In v.5 the E.V. and Latin Vulgate im-But after this follow the directions for ply Elohim: but the Heb., Sam., and all a 'light' and a 'door,' v. 16, which are the other ancient versions and Targums here separated from the other Elohistic have Jehovah,' except that the LXX. detail in v.14, make it in cells.' Also has 'Jehovah-Elohim.' the preciseness of these directions, in v.15,16, corresponds much more with the style of the Jehovist than with the simple generalisations of the Elohist.

Also in v.2,4, we find the phrase sons of Elohim' = angels. But this was the current designation of angels, which any writer, however thoroughly Jehovistic, must have used, since the phrase sons of Jehovah' is never employed for them.

920. Thus it appears that this section is quite Jehovistic, and it connects itself with the previous Jehovistic matter, and with that exclusively, by the following links:

(i) v.1,7, 'face of the ground, as in ii.6, iv.14: the partiality of the Jehovist for the use of the word adamah (911.i) is here very strongly marked,-v.1, 'when man began to multiply on the face of the ground,'-v.7, 'I will wipe out man from off the face of the ground,'-in both which cases the E.V. has earth'

(ii) v.7, from off the face of the ground,' as in iv.14;

(iii) v.3,6,7, the writer attributes to the Deity human affections, disappointment, change of plan, &c. (913);

(iv) v.3,7, and Jehovah said': comp. the

secret speeches ascribed to Jehovah in ii.18,

iii.22.

921. vi.9-22, Elohistic, exceptv.15,16.

923. vii.1-5, Jehovistic.

(i) v.1, the writer refers to the Ark,' as already known, whether referring to the Elohistic narrative, or to his own words (?)

in vi.15,16, or to the well-known Ark of the

legend;

(ii) v.1, thou and all thy house': contr. the E. expression, vi.18, 'thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives, with

thee';

(iii) v.2, thou shalt take to thee': contr. the E. expression, vi.20, they shall come unto thee,' i.e. come of themselves; E. says that Noah is to take' of the food, and 'gather' it to him,' vi.21;

(iv) v.4,' I will wipe out all the substance, which I have made, from off the face of the ground': comp. vi.7, I will wipe out man, whom I have created, from off the face of the ground';

(v) v.4, 'from off the face of the ground,' as in iv.14,vi.7: comp. also face of the ground,' ii.6,vi.1.

924. As already remarked (203, 204), it is obvious that a discrepancy exists between the Jehovistic command in vii.2,3,—

'to take by sevens of every clean beast and of
every fowl,'-

and the Elohistic in vi.19,20, that--
'two of every living thing, of fowl, and of
cattle, and of creeping thing,'-

should be brought into the Ark. After
the above plain exhibition of the dif-
ference of the sources, from which the
two accounts are derived, it is needless
to discuss the various attempts which

have been made to reconcile' the difficulty.

925. But we will quote the words of KALISCH:

comp. vii.4, for after yet seven days I will cause-it-to-rain upon the earth.'

928. vii.11, Elohistic.

(i) in the six-hundredth year of Noah's life': comp. vii.6, Noah was a son of six hundred years';

(ii) the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened': comp. the idea of the waters beneath, and the waters above, the firmament, i.6,7;

(iii) 'deep,' as in i.2.

929. vii.12, Jehovistic.

and forty nights': comp. vii.4, I will cause' and the rain was upon the earth forty days it-to-rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights.'

Obviously, this Jehovistic statement of the forty days' rain is here inserted awkwardly, out of its proper place in the story. In v.17 it comes in more suitably to the context, after the description of Noah and his family going into the Ark on the first day: whereas both v.10 and v.12 interrupt the continuity of the narrative.

This text not only repeats several of the statements already distinctly made, but, what is more important, it is in one point irreconcilable with the preceding narrative. Noah was commanded to take into the Ark seven pairs of all clean, and one pair of all unclean, animals, vii.2,3; whereas he had before been ordered to take one pair of every species, vi. 19,20, no distinction whatever between clean and unclean animals having there been made. All the attempts at arguing away this discrepancy have been utterly unsuccessful. The difficulty is so obvious, that the most desperate efforts have been made. Some regard the second and third verses as the later addition of a pious Israelite; while Rabbinical writers maintain that six pairs were taken by Noah, but one pair came to him spontaneously! Is it necessary to refute such opinions? . . . We appeal to every unbiassed understanding. The Bible cannot be abused to defy common (iii) v.14, 'every creeping thing that creepsense, to foster sophistry or perverse reason-eth upon the earth,' as in i.26: comp. also ing, to cloud the intellect, or to poison the 1.28, every animal that creepeth upon the heart with the rank weeds of insincerity. earth,' 1.30, 'everything creeping upon the earth;'

926. vii.6-9, Elohistic.

(i) v.6, and Noah was a son of six hundred years' comp.v.32, and Noah was a son of five hundred years';

(ii) v.6, 'flood of waters,' as in vi.17; (iii) v.7, and he went, Noah, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the Ark': comp.vi.18, and thou shalt go into the Ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee'; and contr. the J. expression, 'go thou, and all thy house, into the Ark,' vii.1;

(iv) v.8, 'out of the cattle, &c. two, two, they came unto Noah': comp. the same form of sentence, vi.20, 'out of the fowl, &c. two

out of all shall come unto thee';

(v) v.8, cattle, fowl, all that creepeth upon the ground': comp. the same three classes of

930. vii.13-16a, Elohistic.

(i) v.13, Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, Noah's wife, and his sons' three wives, with them': comp. vi.10,vii.7, and contr. the J. expression, thou and all thy house,' vii.1;

12,&c. (ten times), vi.20,20,20;
(ii) v.14,14,14,14, after his kind,' as in i.11,

(iv) v.15, they came unto Noah into the Ark,' as in vii.9: comp. also shall come unto thee,' vi.20, and contr. the J. expression, 'thou shalt take unto thee,' vii.2;

(v) v.15,16, all flesh,' as in vi.12,13,17,19; (vi) v.15, 'two, two,' as in vii.9; comp. vi. 19,20;

life,' as in vi.17: comp. also i.30, ‘all, in (vii) v.15, 'all flesh, in which is a spirit of which is a living soul';

(viii) v.16a, male and female,' as in i.27,v. 2,vi.19, vii.9;

(ix) v.16, as Elohim commanded him,' evidently closed originally this E. passage, as the like phrase closes the E. passages vi.22,

vii.9.

931. In v.13, we read,— creatures, vi.20, fowl, cattle, (all) everyOn that very same day went Noah, &c. into creeping-thing of the ground';

(vi) v.8, 'creepeth upon the ground': the Ark,'— comp. creeping-thing of the ground,' i.25,

vi.20;

(vii) v.9, two, two,' comp. vi.19,20; (viii) v.9, 'they came unto Noah': comp.vi. 20, shall come unto thee,' and contr. the J. expression,' thou shalt take to thee,' vii.2.

927. vii.10, Jehovistic.

'it came to pass after the seven days that the waters of the flood were upon the earth':

i.c., apparently, on the same day that— 'the fountains of the great deep were broken up, &c.,' v. 11,

and the Flood began: whereas, according to the Jehovist, v.1,4

' and Jehovah said to Noah, Go thou, and all thy house, into the Ark... for yet seven days and I will cause-it-to-rain upon the earth,'

it would seem that Noah and his family -was brought about, and so he inserted were to go into the Ark seven days be-fifteen cubits upward the waters fore the beginning of the Flood. If it mighty, and the mountains were covered': be said that Noah was to go in a week before the Flood, and was to employ the interval in 'taking to him' the animals, v.2,3, so as to go in finally on the very same day when the Flood begau, yet v.14 appears to say that the animals also went in, together with Noah, on that same day,