harem of a Pasha. Elder Naisbit, one of the Mormon poets, an English convert to the faith, as it is in Joseph, lives with his two wives and their brood of young children, on the high ground opposite to Elder Clawson, in a very pretty mansion, something like a cottage on the Under Cliff. Much of the city is only green glade and orchard waiting for the people who are yet to come and fill it with the pride of life.

"In First South street stand the theatre and the City Hall, both fine structures, and for Western America remarkable in style. The City Hall is used as head-quarters of police, and as a court of justice. The Mormon police are swift and silent, with their eyes in every corner, their grip on every rogue. No fact, however slight, appears to escape their notice. A Gentile friend of mine, going through the dark streets at night towards the theatre, spoke to a Mormon lady of his acquaintance whom he overtook; next day a gentleman called at his hotel, and warned him not to speak with a Mormon woman in the dark streets unless her father should be with her. In the winter months there are usually 700 or 800 miners in Salt Lake City, young Norse gods of the Denver stamp; every man with a bowie-knife in his belt, a revolver in his hand, clamoring for beer and whiskey, for gaming-tables and lewd women, comforts which are strictly denied to them by these Saints. The police have all these violent spirits to repress; that they hold them in decent order with so little bloodshed is the wonder of every Western Governor and Judge. William Gilpin, Governor elect of Colorado, and Robert Wilson, sheriff of Denver and justice of the peace, have nothing but praise to give these stern and secret, but most able and effective, ministers of police.

"With this court of justice we have scarcely made acquaintance. A few nights ago we met the judge, who kindly asked us to come and see his court; but while we were chatting in his ante-room, before the cases were called, some one whispered in his ear that we were members of the English bar, on which he slipped out of sight, and adjourned his court. This judge, when he is not sitting on the bench, is engaged in vending drugs across a counter in Main street ; and as we know where to find him in his store, we sometimes drop in for soda-water and a cigar; but we have not yet been able to fix a time for seeing his method of administering justice at Salt Lake.

"The city has two sulphur springs, over which Brigham Young has built wooden shanties. One bath is free. The water is refreshing and relaxing, the heat 92 degrees.

"No beggar is seen in the streets; scarcely ever a tipsy man; and

the drunken fellow, when you see one, is always either a miner or a soldier—of course a Gentile. No one seems poor. The people are quiet and civil, far more so than is usual in these western parts. From the presence of trees, of water, and of cattle, the streets have a pastoral character, seen in no other city of the mountains and the plains. Here, standing under the green locust trees, is an ox come home for the night; yonder is a cow at the gate, being milked by a child. Light mountain wagons stand about, and the sun-burnt emigrants, who have just come in from the prairies, thankful for shade and water, sit under the acacias, and dabble their feet in the running creeks.

"More than all other streets, perhaps, Main street, as the business quarter, offers picture after picture to an artist's eye; most of all when an emigrant train is coming in from the plains. Such a scene is before me now; for the train which we passed in the gorge above Bear River, has just arrived, with sixty wagons, 400 bullocks, 600 men, women, and children, all English and Welsh. The wagons fill the street; some of the cattle are lying down in the hot sun; the men are eager and excited, having finished their long journey across the sea, across the States, across the prairies, across the mountains; the women and little folks are scorched and wan; dirt, fatigue, privation, give them a wild, unearthly look; and you would hardly recognize in this picturesque and ragged group the sober Monmouth farmer, the clean Woolwich artisan, the smart London smith. Mule teams are being unloaded at the stores. Miners from Montana and Idaho, in huge boots and belts, are loafing about. A gang of Snake Indians, with their long hair, their scant drapery, and their proud reserve, are cheapening the dirtiest and cheapest lots. Yon fellow in the broad sombrero, dashing up the dust with his wiry little horse, is a New Mexican; here comes a heavy Californian swell; and there, in the blue uniform, go two officers from the camp.

"The air is wonderfully pure and bright. Rain seldom falls in the valley, though storms occur in the mountains almost daily; a cloud coming up in the western hills, rolling along the crests, and threatening the city with a deluge; but, when breaking into wind and showers, it seems to run along the hill-tops into the Wasatch chain, and sail away eastward into the snowy range."

Three newspapers are published in the city, one of which is the organ of the Mormon Church.

Besides the capital, the principal towns of Utah are, Provo, Ogden, Brownsville, Franklin, Springville, Nephi, Stockton, and Payson,

WASHINGTON TERRITORY embraces the extreme northwestern portion of the Great Republic. It lies between 45° 33′ and 49° N. latitude, and between 117° and 124° 43′ W. longitude. Its extreme length, from east to west, is about 360 miles, and its extreme breadth, from north to south, about 235 miles. It is bounded on the north by British Columbia and the Strait of San Juan de Fuca (by the latter of which it is separated from Vancouver's Island), on the east by Idaho, on the south by Oregon, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The western half and parts of the southeastern portion of the Territory are mountainous. These mountains being continuations of the ranges which have been described in Oregon. The Cascade Range extends entirely across the Territory, from north to south, dividing it into two unequal portions; the larger and less rugged being the eastern portion. In this range occur, within the limits of the Territory, the lofty peaks of Mount Rainier, 12,300 feet high, Mount St. Helen and Mount Adams, each about 9500 feet high, and Mount Baker, 10,700 feet high. These are all covered with perpetual snow. West of the Cascade Range are the Coast Mountains, running parallel with and but a short distance from the Pacific Ocean. They extend from the Strait of San Juan de Fuca across the Territory into Oregon. Mount Olympus, 8150 feet high, is the principal peak.

The Strait of San Juan de Fuca forms a part of the northern boundary, and separates Washington from Vancouver's Island. It also affords water communication between the Pacific Ocean and Admiralty Inlet and Puget Sound, a large bay extending southward into

the Territory for 70 miles from the Gulf of Georgia. These are navigable for ships of the largest size. Gray's Harbor, on the Pacific, at the mouth of the Chehalis River, is about 20 miles long, and has about 20 feet of water on the bar at low tide.

Cape Flattery, at the entrance of the Strait of San Juan de Fuca, and Cape Disappointment, at the mouth of the Columbia River, are the principal capes. There are no important islands on the coast. The Isle of Grief, 40 miles south of Cape Flattery, is the largest. Whidby's Island, in Admiralty Inlet, is noted for its deer. It is well tim-bered, but water is scarce. The Arroo Islands, north of it, possess valuable fisheries. Lake Chelan, in the north-central part of the Territory, is the largest lake. It is 33 miles long.

The principal rivers are the Columbia, and its two branches, the Clark's and Lewis's Forks, the Spokane, the Okanagan, the Yakima, the Chehalis, the Skogit, and the Cowlitz. The Columbia enters the northeastern part of the Territory from British Columbia, and at first flows southwest. Just below the 48th parallel of latitude, it turns westward and pursues a generally westward course to the 120th meridian of longitude, where it abruptly turns to the southeast, and flows in this general direction to the 46th degree of latitude, when it turns once more to the westward, and flows in that general direction to the Pacific Ocean. From the last turn mentioned it divides Washington from Oregon. It is navigated by a daily line of steamers. The Lewis's Fork forms a part of the eastern boundary of the Territory, separating it from Idaho. At Lewiston it turns to the southwest, and flows to the Columbia. The Chehalis flows into Gray's Harbor; the Skogit into Puget Sound; and the others into the Columbia. These rivers all rise on the summit of the snowy mountains, and are subject to sudden freshets. Their rapids afford firstclass water-power.

The climate of Washington resembles that of Oregon. In the western portion of the Territory it is mild, there being scarcely any winter at all in this region. "Properly speaking, there are but two seasons, the dry and the rainy. The grades of temperature, and the accompaniments which in other countries of the same latitude ascribe the features and title to the four seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter, are here in great measure obliterated, or at least so dimly marked that the seasons imperceptibly run into each other, and lose their distinctive line of division. It is not unusual for the three winter months to be mild, without snow or ice, the grass growing meanwhile.

In February, the weather may occur mild and genial as May, to be succeeded in March or April with our coldest weather. In July and August, days in some portions of which the maximum temperature will reach 90° or 100°, are sometimes followed by cold nights, occasionally accompanied by heavy frost. The rainy season proper begins late in October or early in November, and may be said to continue till the ensuing April. It frequently happens that after the first rains weeks of weather similar to Indian summer occur, and it is seldom that one or other of the months of January, February, or March does not prove continuously mild and clear. The summers of this Territory are unsurpassed in the world. While many days are exceedingly warm, the nights are always cool and refreshing, as if specially intended for wholesome sleeping. In the winter months, six in number, rains prevail. No disappointment should be felt if falling weather occurred some part of each 24 hours, and yet many bright sunshiny days relieve the long-continued rainy season of Washington Territory."

"The soil of all the prairie lands, with the exception of those directly around Puget Sound, is exceedingly fertile. Those of the Sound are of a sandy, gravelly nature, not readily cultivated, but producing enormous fir and cedar trees. The soil on the mountains is generally very rich; but the dense growth of forest deters the emigrant from attempting clearings on a large extent, as the fine, fertile plains and prairie offer far greater inducements. Fruits of various kinds, particularly apples, can be cultivated very readily, and in the greatest perfection. Indian corn does not thrive well, as the seasons are not hot enough; but wheat, barley, oats, and potatoes yield the most abundant crops, of the finest quality. The potatoes, in particular, are surpassingly fine. The wheat grown on the Columbia, called Oregon wheat, is known for its superior excellence.

Although the Territory is a very mountainous country, yet there are many immense plains and prairies; and, by reference to the map, it will be seen that innumerable streams, like veins, permeate the whole region, and each of them, from the largest to the smallest, flows in its course through rich and fertile plains, of various sizes, lying between the mountains. Governor Stevens, in January, 1854, writing of the Territory, says of the waters of Puget Sound, and the adjacent ones of Hood's Canal, Admiralty Inlet, and Fuca Straits, that their maritime advantages are very great, in affording a series of harbors