The inhabitants of the two first are figured with a round full head-dress, bound with a fillet: and those of Kanana are distinguished by a coat of mail and helmet, and the use of spears, javelins, and a battle-axe similar to that of Egypt."

Thus we find that the Theban sculptors intentionally maintained a marked difference in the arms and costume peculiar to many of these people, though the same attention was not always extended to their faces. They were frequently conventional; a certain general style being adopted for Eastern nations †, another for those of the North, a third for the Ethiopians, and a fourth for the Blacks of the interior of Africa; and accuracy in portraying the features was dispensed with, except in the larger and more detailed sculptures, or when any remarkable difference was observable, as in the prominent nose of one of their allies. ‡

Some are clad in loose, others in tight dresses, some have shields of a square, others of an oblong, round, or other form, which are merely held by a single handle in the centre, like those now used by the Ababdeh and modern Ethiopians.

The country of Lemanon is shown by the artist to have been mountainous, inaccessible to chariots, and abounding in lofty trees, which the affrighted mountaineers are engaged in felling, in order to impede the advance of the invading army. Having taken by assault the fortified towns on the frontier,

* Wood-cut, No. 69. fig. 8. In Joshua, xvii. 16. The Canaanites are said to "have chariots of iron."

+ They are sometimes represented tattooed or branded. Assyrians had this custom.

Vide wood-cut, No. 11. fig. 2., and wood-cut, No. 62. fig. 3.

The

the Egyptian monarch advances with the light infantry in pursuit of the fugitives, who had escaped, and taken refuge in the woods; and sending a herald to offer terms on condition of their surrender, the chiefs are induced to trust to his clemency, and return to their allegiance; as are those of Kanana, whose strong-holds yield in like manner to the arms of the conqueror.

That these two names point out the inhabitants of Mount Lebanon and Canaan is highly probable, since the campaign is said to have taken place in the first year, or soon after the accession, of Osirei, the father of the great Remeses; and the events which previously occurred in Egypt, during the reign of Amunoph III., and the unwarlike character of his two successors, may have given an opportunity to these people, though so near Egypt, to rebel, and assert their independence.

Many black nations were also conquered by the early monarchs of the 18th and 19th dynasties, as the Toreses, the Tareáo, and another whose name is lost*, as well as the Cush †, or Ethiopians. These last were long at war with the Egyptians; and part of their country, which was reduced at a very remote period by the arms of the Pharaohs, was obliged to pay an annual tribute to the conquerors but whether the name of Cush was applied merely to the lower districts of Ethiopia, or comprehended the whole of the southern portion of that country, I am unable to determine.

* Vide wood-cut, No. 69. fig. 12.

+ It is the scriptural as well as the hieroglyphical name. Woodcut, No. 69. fig. 13. a, b, c, and d.

The Blacks, like the Ethiopians, wore short aprons of bulls' hides, or the skins of wild beasts, frequently drawn by the Egyptian artists with the tail projecting from the girdle, for the purpose of adding to their grotesque appearance by this equivocal addition: the chiefs, decked with ostrich and other feathers, had large circular gold ear-rings, collars, and bracelets; and many of the Ethiopian grandees were clad in garments of fine linen, with leathern girdles highly ornamented, a leopard skin being occasionally thrown over the shoulder. It is reasonable to suppose that the linen was purchased from the Egyptians, whose conquests in the country would naturally lead to its introduction among them; and this is rendered more probable, from its transparent fineness being represented in the same manner as in the dresses of the Egyptians, and from its being confined to the chiefs as an article of value, indicative of their rank.

The Ethiopian tribute consisted of gold and silver, precious stones, ostrich feathers, skins, ebony, ivory, apes, oxen of the long-horned breed still found in Abyssinia, lions, oryxes, leopards, giraffes, and hounds; and they were obliged to supply the victors with slaves, which the Egyptians sometimes exacted even from the conquered countries of Asia. Their chief arms were the bow, spear, and club: they fought mostly on foot, and the tactics of a disciplined army appear to have been unknown to them.

* Vide wood-cut, No. 69. fig. 13. c, d.

The names of foreign nations who acted as auxiliaries of the Egyptians I have already noticed. The first unequivocal mention of these alliances * are in the sculptures of the great Remesest, where the Shairetana unite with him in an expedition against the Sheta. They had been previously conquered by the Pharaohs, with whom they entered into a treaty, agreeing to furnish troops and to assist them in their future wars and firm to their engagements, they continued to maintain a friendly intercourse with the Egyptians for a considerable length of time, and joined the army of the third Remeses, when, about a century later, he marched into Asia, to attack the Tokkari and the Rebo. In the war against the Rebo, Remeses was assisted by another body of auxiliaries, whose high fur cap sufficiently denotes their Oriental origin ; and a third tribe, whose name is likewise lost, aided the Egyptians in the same campaign.

It is evident that the Tokkari also united with the invaders against the Rebo, and contributed to the successes of the third Remeses; but either a portion of their tribe still remained hostile to the Egyptians, or some cause of complaint alienated their friendship, and we find that they were soon afterwards engaged in war with that monarch. Being joined by many of the Shairetana, to whose country they fled for refuge after their first defeat;

*Perhaps we may also trace them in the time of Osirtasen I, + At the Memnonium and Aboosimbel. Vide wood-cut, No. 61. figs. 5. and 6.

Vide wood-cut, No. 11. fig. 2., the same as fig. 3. in wood-cut No. 62.