THE

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE

PENNY CYCLOPÆDIA

OF

THE SOCIETY

FOR THE

DIFFUSION OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.

VOLUME II.

HABENARIA-ZINGIBER.

LONDON:

CHARLES KNIGHT, 22, LUDGATE STREET.

MDCCCXLVI.

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Glamorganshire-W. Williams, Esq., Aber-! Pesth, Hungary-Count Szechenyi.

LONDON: WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET.

SUPPLEMENT

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THE PENNY CYCLOPÆDIA

OF

THE SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF

USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.

[The abbreviations P. C. and P. C. S. signify the Penny Cyclopædia and Penny Cyclopædia Supplement.]

НА В HABENA'RIA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural | order Orchidea. The tribe has a ringent hooded perianth, a 3-lobed entire spurred lip. There are three species natives of Great Britain. Habenaria viridis, the Frog Orchis, has a very short 2-lobed r, linear flat 3-pointed lip, the middle point the shortest. The flower is green, and the lip of a brownish colour. It is the Peristylus of Lindley, and the Himantoglossum of Richenbach. It grows in pastures.

H. bola, the Lesser Butterfly Orchis, is distinguished by the lip being linear and entire, and the pollen masses parallel. The dowers are white. It is found in heathy places.

H. eldorantha, the Great Butterfly Orchis, has the same cral characters as the preceding species; but the flowers Larger and the plant is taller and stouter. The pollen sses ascend obliquely and converge upwards. It grows in peist woods and thickets.

(Babington, Manual of British Botany.) HABINGTON, WILLIAM, was the son of Thomas Babington, a Roman Catholic gentleman of family and fortune Worcestershire. His mother, the daughter of Lord Morley, has been supposed to have been the writer of the famous letter h revealed the Gunpowder Plot [FAWKES, GUY, P. C.]; nd her husband (who had been long imprisoned as implicated in Babington's conspiracy) gave shelter to some of the accompices of Fawkes, and was sentenced to die, but received a parda through the intercession of his wife's brother, on condition of retiring to his manor of Hindlip. Their son had been born there upon the very day now marked as the date of the plot, the 5th of November, 1605. He was educated in the Jesuit ollege of St. Omer, and afterwards at Paris; and endeavours were used, but in vain, to induce him to enter the society. He returned to England, and lived in retirement with his father, who long survived him, and who directed and coerated with him in historical and other studies. William Ilabington married Lucy, daughter of William Herbert, the frst Lord Powis; and the whole of his subsequent life appears to have been spent in literary and rural quiet. It is d by Anthony Wood that he did run with the times, and was not unknown to Oliver the Usurper,' a charge which may either be untrue or involve nothing discreditable. He ed at Hindlip on the 13th of November, 1645, when he had Patjast completed his fortieth year. His published writings ere the following:-1,Castara,' a collection of poems, printed together in 1635, and again more fully and corly in 1640. They were included in Chalmers's English Poets in 1810, were reprinted separately in 1812, and are en wholly in Southey's Select Works of the British The name at the head of them is the poetical one he e to the lady whom he married. They are in three parts: Be first containing sonnets and other small pieces, chiefly addressed to his mistress before marriage; the second part conP. C. S., No. 86.

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HAC

taining similar poems, chiefly addressed to her as his wife; and the pieces in the third being mainly religious and contemplative. 2, The Queen of Arragon, a Tragi-Comedie,' acted both at court and at the Blackfriars theatre against the author's will, printed in 1640, folio, brought again upon the stage in 1666, with a prologue and epilogue by the author of Hudibras, and reprinted in all the three editions of Dodsley's Old Plays.' 3, The History of Edward IV.,' 1640, folio, said to have been partly written by his father. 4, 'Observations upon History,' 1641, 8vo.

Habington's poems, although infected by the tendency to puerile and abstruse conceit which prevailed in his time, are yet in most parts exceedingly delightful. Their fancy is sweet, especially in rural description; their feeling is refined and ideal; the language is correct and tasteful; and the tone of moral sentiment is everywhere pure and elevated. The romantic and chivalrous cast of thought and sentiment gives much interest to his play, although the story is meagre, and the characters are not vigorously depicted.

HABZE'LIA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Anonacea. It has a 3-lobed calyx; 6 petals, the inner ones smallest; the stamens very numerous; the torus convex; the carpels distinct, indefinite in number, long, cylindrical, obsoletely ventricose or torulose, smooth, striated lengthwise, becoming many-celled by the pericarp growing together; many-seeded, the seeds elliptical, arillate, somewhat erect, numerous, shining, one in each of the cells of the fruit; the acillus formed of 2 white unequal obcordate membranes.

H. Ethiopica has ovate-acute leaves, 3 inches long, 12 to 14 lines broad, smooth on the upper surface, and downy beneath; the carpels are pod-shaped, 1-2 inches long, knotted, striated, quite smooth, with the taste of pepper. The fruit has a pungent_aromatic_taste, and is often substituted for other spices. It is the Piper Ethiopicum of the shops, and the Nuona Ethiopica of Duval and other botanists. It is a native of Sierra Leone. H. aromatica is another species, yielding a pungent aromatic fruit. It grows in the forests of Guyana, and the fruit is used by the negrocs as a condiment. (Lindley, Flora Medica.)

HACKERT, PHILIPP, a celebrated German landscape painter, was born at Prenzlau in Prussia, in 1737. His father was a portrait painter and a native of Berlin, where Hackert spent some time with an uncle who was a decorative painter. He acquired his chief knowledge of painting, however, by copying good pictures; and he derived great benefit also from the acquaintance of Le Sueur, the director of the Berlin Academy, and of Sulzer. In 1765 he visited Paris, and in 1768 he went, with his brother Johann, to Italy. They spent some time in Rome sketching and painting the scenery about Albano and Tivoli: many of their works were purchased by Lord Exeter. Philipp's first works of importance however were the six large pictures of the Russian

VOL. II.-B

extolled him beyond his merits; while he compares Flaxman with Sabatelli, and damns his noble designs with the faint praise that they have some pretty ideas in them; he condemns them for their want of detail in execution.

(Goethe, Werke- Philipp Hackert; and Winckelmann und sein Jahrhundert.)

naval victory of Tschesme, and the burning of the Turkish fleet, by Count Orlow, in 1770, painted for the empress Catherine II. of Russia, and for which he was paid 2950 zechini, about 16,000 florins, or 13507. sterling. Count Orlow, to whom the works were sent at Leghorn, was upon the whole highly gratified by their successful accomplishment, but he was dissatisfied with the representation of the explosion HACKNEY-COACH. The derivation of the word of a ship, in the picture of the burning of the fleet; and in IIackney, as applied to a class of public conveyances, has order to give the artist a proper impression of such a catas- occasioned much speculation. Bailey, in his Dictionary, trophe, he ordered, with a spirit worthy of an autocrat, one adopts what appears to have become a popular notion, that of the frigates of his fleet, an old vessel, to be blown up in the name is derived from the suburb of London so called; the presence of Hackert, in the roads of Leghorn, and he was for which supposition however we find no plausible ground; well satisfied with the results of his experiment, for Hackert but he adds, unless you would rather have it from the greatly improved the picture. These works, with six other French Hacquenée,' which is a word of similar meaning. similar subjects, are now at St. Petersburg. In 1772, the Many curious conjectures on the subject are given in Todd's year in which the first-mentioned pictures were completed, Johnson's Dictionary,' and in the lexicographical division of Johann Hackert died at Bath, aged only twenty-nine; he came the Encyclopædia Metropolitana.' From these it is evident to England with some pictures which had been ordered by that a similar word is found in most European languages. English travellers in Rome. In the meanwhile two other Menage traces the French form from the Latin equus, a horse, brothers, Wilhelm and Karl, joined Philipp in Rome, but thus:-equus, akus, akinus, akineus, akinea, haquenée. AnWilhelm went shortly afterwards to St. Petersburg, and died other conjecture derives it from an Anglo-Saxon word meanthere in 1780, aged only thirty-two, and Karl settled in Swit-ing to neigh, on the supposition that a lively horse, given to zerland. Philipp accordingly in 1778 sent for his youngest neighing, would be the most likely to be lent for hire. brother Georg, who was an engraver at Berlin, and they lived haps the most probable derivation is from haque, an old together from that time until the death of Georg at Florence French word for a gelding, which would be fitter than a more in 1805. spirited neighing horse for hiring for public use. However this may be, it is sufficiently evident that the term hackney was first applied to horses let for hire, and then, by a very natural transition, extended to coaches, and subsequently to sedan-chairs, employed in a similar way.

Per

Hackert was highly patronised in Rome both by Italians and foreigners; Pius VI. was delighted with his works, and his reputation as a landscape painter was unrivalled by any of his contemporaries, though he was a very inferior painter to Wilson, who was neither appreciated nor known at that time: By the act 1 & 2 Wm. IV. c. 22, by which the laws Wilson left Rome in 1755. In 1777 Hackert made a tour relating to hackney-carriages in London were consolidated in Sicily with Richard Payne Knight and Charles Gore; and amended, it is declared that every carriage with two or and in 1778 a tour in the north of Italy with Charles Gore more wheels, used for plying for hire in any public street at and his family. In 1782 he went to Naples and was pre- any place within five miles from the General Post-office in sented to the king, Ferdinand IV., by the Russian ambas- London, of whatever form or construction, or whatever may sador, Count Rasumowsky. The king took great pleasure in be the number of persons which it shall be calculated to convey, the works of Hackert, and treated him with great kindness or the number of horses by which it shall be drawn, shall be and familiarity; he used to style him Don Filippo. In 1786, deemed a hackney-carriage; and the distinction between after the departure of Count Rasumowsky, he appointed hackney-carriages and stage-carriages is further implied, Hackert his principal painter, who settled with his brother rather than distinctly expressed, by the provision that nothing from that time in Naples. They had apartments in the in the act shall extend or apply to any stage-coach used for Palazzo Francavilla on the Chiaja, which they occupied until plying for passengers to be carried for hire at separate fares. they were dispossessed by General Rey, the French com- A hackney-carriage is one which may be hired at certain mandant of Naples in 1799, who took possession of them regulated fares, calculated either by time or distance, and behimself; he however treated the Hackerts with great kind-ing the same whether it is hired by one person or by the full ness, gave them passports, and suffered them to depart with all their goods and chattels, with which they arrived safely at Leghorn. Hackert's salary was 100 ducats per month, with his apartments free, both in Naples and at Caserta. In 1787 Hackert painted a large picture of the Launch of the Parthenope, 64, the first ship of war which was built at Castel-a-Mare; it was engraved by his brother Georg; he painted five other large pictures of Neapolitan seaports, which were all enlivened by some historical scene of interest they are in the palace at Caserta. In 1788 the king sent him to Apulia to make drawings of all the seaports of that coast, which he painted, from Manfredonia to Taranto. In 1790 he visited on a similar mission the coasts of Calabria and Sicily: the king equipped for him a small felucca called a scappavia, manned with twelve men well armed, for the express purpose; he was out about five months, from April to August inclusive.

Hackert lived, after his departure from Naples in 1799, a short time in Leghorn, whence he removed to Florence, where he resided in a villa which he purchased in 1803, until his death in April, 1807.

Hackert's works are not remarkable for any particular quality of art: they are simple portraits or prospects in ordinary light and shade, and their beauty accordingly depends upon the local beauty of the scene. The detail is careful, without being minute, and where a memento of any particular scene is the chief object of desire, his works are calculated to give perhaps complete satisfaction, except in the case of some fastidious connoisseur who might require a bolder and more artistic foreground than those which characterise his works generally. His drawings are extremely numerous, and his paintings are not rare; many of them have been engraved. He painted in oil, in encaustic, and in body water-colours or à guazzo, a species of distemper. He also etched several plates.

Goethe has written a eulogistic Life of Hackert, whose close imitation of nature delighted the German critic, and he has

number which it is licensed to carry, to run in any required direction, and at any required time, under certain regulations provided by law; while a stage-carriage is one which performs a

certain specified journey, at a specified time, carrying passengers only in the line of its specified route, at a certain fare (which is not regulated by act of parliament), for each individual passenger, the amount of such fare being usually. though not invariably, dependent upon distance.

So far as can be gathered from such notices as the writer has met with, this class of public vehicles appears to have originated in London. The rise and progress of their use in London may be pretty distinctly traced from notices in Mac pherson's "Annals of Commerce,' and in Anderson's His tory of Commerce,' of which work the early volumes of Macpherson are a reprint with but few alterations. Under the year 1625 Macpherson, or rather Anderson, observes that Our historiographers of the city of London relate that it wa in this year that hackney-coaches first began to ply in Londor streets, or rather at the inns, to be called for as they were wanted; and they were at this time only twenty in number. In 1634 sedan-chairs appear, for the first time, to have entered into competition with hackney-coaches, the sole privileg being granted in that year to Sir Sanders Duncomb to use let, and hire' a number of covered chairs,' such as he represented to be in use in many places beyond sea, for a period of fourteen years; the avowed reason for their introduction being the inconvenience occasioned in the streets of the me tropolis by the unnecessary multitude of coaches. In the following year an attempt was made to check the increasing annoyance occasioned by the general and promiscuous use o coaches' by a proclamation from the king (Charles L) that no hackney or hired coach should be used in London Westminster, or the suburbs, unless it were engaged to trave at least three miles out of the same, and that every hackney coach owner should constantly maintain four able horses fo the royal service when required. Finding it impossible t prevent the use of so great a convenience, a commission wa

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issued to the master of the horse in 1637 to grant licences to tity hackney-coachmen in and about London and Westminster, and as many others as might be needful in other places in England, each coachman being allowed to keep not more than racive horses. In 1652 the number of hackney-coaches daily ying in the streets was limited to 200; in 1654 it was invased to 300, allowing however only 600 horses; in 1661 to 400; and in 1694 to 700. By an act of the 9th year of Anne (c. 23) the number was to be increased to 800 on the experation, in 1715, of the licences then in force, and 200 haney-chairs were also licensed. The number of chairs was shortly increased to 300, and by the act 12 Geo. I. c. 12, 2400. In 1771 the number of coaches was further increased

to 1000.

moral character in the large class of men engaged in this business. Since the year 1822 hackney-carriage drivers have been required to deposit any articles which may be accidentally left in their vehicles with the registrar of licences, to whom the owners of the lost property may apply for its restoration, upon paying for the driver's time and trouble; and, incredible as it may appear, the estimated value of the property thus taken to the office in the first four years and a half after the introduction of this rule is estimated at 45,000l., while very few applications were made for property which was not thus restored. Of late years however the case has been very different, for while from fifteen to sixteen hundred 'strays,' or lost articles, have been taken to the office in twelve months, they are all of small value; and the applications Notwithstanding this steady increase in the use of hackney-made for lost property are at least fourteen times that number. hes, they were long assailed as public nuisances in a To lessen the risk in reference to one very important departsay which it is amusing to look back upon. Some curious ment of hackney carriage business, the great railway comets on this subject are given in Knight's London,' vol. i.panies which have termini in London enter into arrangements 27. &c., from which it appears, by a quotation from a letter by which a limited number of carriages, driven only by men of Garrard, that the first hackney-coach stand was established of well attested respectability, are allowed to stand within 1934, by one Captain Baily, at the May-pole in the Strand. their stations, to convey passengers arriving by the trains to Even so late as 1660 Charles II. issued a proclamation against their respective destinations, under a system of supervision so ney-coaches standing in the streets to be hired; but on strict, that any case of misconduct or overcharge is almost very day it was to come into force, Pepys records that he certain to be brought home to the guilty party; and it is graone to carry him home. The monopoly long enjoyed by tifying to know that this measure has proved productive of London hackney-coachmen produced great indifference to the best results in promoting honesty and civility among a increasing wants of the community; and down to the most useful class of men. Further than this, much good has 1823, while that monopoly was undisturbed, hackney- | been effected by the strictness of the licensing system, and by shes appear to have sunk lower and lower in the scale of the various efforts made, especially by the agents of the Lonancy. For some two hundred years,' observes Mr. don City Mission, for their education and religious welfare. Raight, in the work above referred to, those who rode in The generally low standard of moral character among cabed carriages had seen the hackney-coach passing through drivers leads to the (we believe universal) adoption of a sysits phases of dirt and discomfort; the springs growing tem of remuneration which is not calculated to promote weaker, the iron ladder' by which we ascended into its honesty and good feeling. It appears,' observes the writer kety capaciousness more steep and more fragile, the straw of the paper we have quoted above, that the masters would her, the cushions more redolent of dismal smells, the have no chance of being honestly dealt with, if they were to less air-tight.' So slow, also, were their movements, pay wages to their servants.' They therefore,' he adds, lend was almost hopeless to think of gaining time by riding out the vehicles and horses at a fixed sum per day; or rather, the men are expected to bring home the stipulated amount. While this was the state of things in London, a lighter Sometimes, in the dull season, they beg off for less, but it was and of whiele, drawn by one horse, had been brought into remarked to us by the manager of the largest establishment extensive use in Paris. In the year 1813, according to a paper of cabs in London, that, let the town be ever so full, or the the Vehicular Statistics of London,' in No. 78, new season ever so prosperous, they never produce more than the Chambers's Edinburgh Journal' (to which we are stipulated amount, to make up for former deficiencies.' The acted for many of the following particulars), there were no experiment of paying liberal wages, and trusting to the tan 1150 of these vehicles, which were called cabriolets honour of the men, is said to have been tried and found utterly pace. Efforts were made to introduce similar vehicles into impracticable. The average produce of each hackneyLa country, but, owing to a regard for the vested rights carriage to the proprietor,' according to our authority, may the hackney-coach owners, it was long found impossible to be about ten shillings and sixpence a day, to which, if about licences for them. With great difficulty Messrs. Brad- three-and-sixpence be added for cash appropriated by the and Rotch (the latter a member of parliament) obtained drivers in lieu of wages, the amount (of earnings or receipts) ces for eight cabriolets in 1823, and started them at fares per diem is raised to fourteen shillings.' 'Hence,' he adds, eird lower than those of hackney-coaches. The new we may conclude that there is spent daily by the London icles were hooded chaises, drawn by one horse, and carry-public for coach and cab hire 17157., and yearly alinost aly one passenger besides the driver, who sat in the 800,0007.' aret (or, as more commonly called for brevity, the cab), Hackney-coaches were, according to Beckmann (History this fare. An improved build was soon introduced, by of Inventions, English edition of 1814, vol. i. p. 134), first ret room was provided for a second passenger, and the established in Edinburgh in 1673; and on the same authority was separated from the fare; and with the rapid ex- (p. 131) it appears they were first used at Paris in 1650, an of this lighter class of vehicles, numerous varieties of although, if this date be correct, he is wrong in stating that auction have been introduced, in most of which the ori- the use of hackney-coaches originated there. He attributes odel is completely lost sight of, but in which comtheir introduction to Nicholas Sauvage, from whose residence, ale and safe accommodation, with complete shelter from the Hôtel S. Fiacre, such carriages took their common French weather and separation from the driver, is provided for name of fiacres. About 1669 a small kind of hackney carthree, or, in a few cases, four persons. The name cab'riage, resembling a sedan-chair on wheels, called a brouette or tui commonly applied to all hackney-carriages drawn by borse, whether on two or four wheels. During the first *ars of the employment of such carriages their number restricted to sixty-five, while the number of coach-licences increased to twelve hundred; but in 1832 all restriction to the number of hackney carriages was removed, and in paper above referred to it is stated, on the authority of ation received from the registrar of hackney-carriage es, that the number of hackney-carriages licensed for use the year ending January 4, 1845, was 2450, all of , with the exception of less than 200, were cabs, or e-borse vehicles. The number of drivers licensed during * year ending May, 1844, was 4627, besides 371 wateror attendants upon the 130 regular metropolitan coachWhile the changes above noticed have greatly benefited public, there is reason to fear that the great increase of odation has not been accompanied by any elevation of

roulette, or sometimes, by way of derision, a vinaigrette, and drawn by men, was brought into use. Cabriolets, as above stated, appear to have originated in Paris.

For an abstract of the law relating to hackney and stage carriages, duties, licences, &c., see METROPOLITAN STAGE CARRIAGE, P. C. S.

HADRAMAUT. [ARABIA, P. C. and P. C. S.] HEMANTHUS. [AMARYLLIDEE, P. C.] HEMATOCOCCUS (from aipa, blood, and kókkos, a grain), a genus of plants belonging to the natural order of Algae. It is characterised by being composed of spherical or oval cells of various sizes, each cell being invested with one or more concentric vesicles or membranes, multiplied either by division or by granules formed within the parent cells. Several species of this genus have been described. One of the first observed was the H. sanguineus, which, like the red-snow plant (Protococcus nivalis), has its cells coloured red; hence the generic name. Several of the species however