is in the Senate, J.. M. Callahan, of the Mitchell Normal school, will take his place in the school work. By the way, Mr. Ellison is an excellent man, and should be made chairman of the Educational Committee in the Senate.

ADVERTISEMENTS. The reader will notice that most of the advertisements are new and that all have been re-set and re-cast. It always pays to read the advertisements. Only such things are advertised as teachers are supposed to be interested in. Read the advertisements and gain information that will be useful to you.

THE NORTHERN INDIANA NORMAL at Valparaiso, is still on the boom. The attendance has so increased that it became necessary to employ two additional teachers.

BOOK TABLE.

THE FARMER'S GUIDE, published at Huntington, is an excellent farm paper.

ROPP'S COMMERCIAL CALCULATOR has been revised and extended and is the best book of its class on the market. It calculates interest, gives rules for measuring logs, lumber, cribs, wagon-beds, cisterns, haymows, etc. Every teacher and farmer should have one.

THE RIVERSIDE LiteraturE SERIES, published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., contain the best literature at the lowest prices. They include the choicest productions of Hans Anderson, Scudder, Longfellow, Whittier, Hawthorn, etc. Many of the selections are adapted particularly for young people.

STORIES FOR CHILDREN, by Lucretia P. Hale, contains simple lessons in morals, and is designed as a supplementary reader for schools and for use at home. It is adapted to the use of pupils in the third and fourth readers, both in thought and language. It contains 216 pp.

Price, 40c. Leach, Shewell & Sanborn. Boston and New York. AMERICAN Young People is a new illustrated monthly magazine the first number of which will appear in January. It will take up the work of furnishing choice reading along the line of American history and literature, and entertaining matter of all kinds for young people and the household. The subscription price will be one dollar a year. The publication office is in Chicago.

SEE HERE.--For three two-cent stamps we will send portraits of Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, and Abraham Lincoln, the author of the Emancipation Proclamation, printed on heavy paper and suitable for framing. Along with these we will send twenty-five membership certificates to "Harper's Knights of the Round Table" which give the owner many privileges. Teachers can exert a great influence by distributing these certificates among their pupils and putting them in a way to avail themselves of the many good things which that excellent publishing house, the Harper's, have for all young people.

BUSINESS NOTICES.

SCHOOL BOARDS contemplating changes can learn the address of the best Western and Eastern teachers, willing to change places, by addressing Orville Brewer, manager of the Teachers' Co-operative Association, 70 Dearborn St-, Chicago. We can assure all who write of confidence and honorable treatment. 2-tf

INDIANA KINDERGARTEN AND PRIMARY NORMAL TRAINING SCHOOL.This school grants annually eighteen free scholarships and offers superior advantages to ladies who desire to become Kindergartners and Primary Teachers. For catalogues and further particulars address the principal, Mrs. Eliza A. Blaker, Indianapolis, Ind.

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B. A. BULLOCK, for several years a teacher, is now manager of a Mercantile Agency, with headquarters in this city. Gentlemen who desire to change from teaching to a more profitable occupation will do well to address B. A. Bullock, General Manager, Indianapois, Ind. lo-tf

THE GREAT NorthwesteRN HOTEL for the accomodation of visitors to the World's Columbian Exposition Chicago, Ill. Advantages afforded to members: New hotel near grounds, reduced rates, easy payments, Easy walking distance from the grounds, enabling persons who are fatigued to easily reach their rooms, the privilege of occupying rooms at any time by giving ten days notice. Terms---A membership ticket for $2 will entitle the holder to the rate of $1 a day providing such member secure 10 days privileges paying for the same on or before Feb. 1st, 1893. Upon receipt of above payment a certificate will be issued guaranteeing the above privileges. Location is on Madison ave. and 68th streets,three blocks from 67th street entrance to the grounds. Hotel will accomodate one thousand people and will be run on the European plan by a landlord of long experience, prices for meals guaranteed to be moderate. The Great Northwestern will be first-class in every way with all modern accommodations. It is especially intended to make this hotel a pleasant headquarters for Indiana teachers and their friends, and they are rapidly securing memberships. Only onefourth the capacity of the hotel will be sold. Rates to other than members will be $2 per day.

References: Editor of SCHOOL JOURNAL; L. H. Jones, Supt. of Public Schools; G. W. Hufford, Principal of High School No. 1; M. E. Vinton & Co.; Charles Martindale, Atty.; R. O. Hawkins, Atty. ; Rough Notes Insurance Journal; A. M. Sweeney, Reporter of Supreme Court; Fletcher's Bank., all of Indianapolis.

For further information address Edgar J. Foster, Gen. Agt. for Ind., 25 East Market St., Indianapolis, Ind.

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The XXXIXTH annual session of the Indiana State Teachers' Association was held in Plymouth Church, Indianapolis, Indiana, Dec. 27, 28, 29, 1892.

In the absence of the retiring President, E. A. Bryan, the meeting was called to order by Vice-President H. W. Monical, on the evening of Dec. 27, and the audience listened to a strong and interesting address by the incoming President, J. N. Study, Superintendent Public Schools, Richmond, Indiana.

TEACHING AS A PROFESSION.

Teaching is not only a profession-it is the profession of professions and it demands a more thorough education and a greater adaptability than any other. It demands a special study of the human mind, a complete education and a certain knowledge of human nature. The profession of a teacher has always been one of the most honorable, and in ancient Athens there were no men more highly honored than the public instructors.

In speaking of the influence of the church upon the public education, Mr. Study said:

The convent was long a barrier to free study and certainly hindered the march of education, and it is only recently that the effect of the

clerical influence in the educational system has been lessened. The teacher in the olden time was the servant of the church and at the command of the preacher, but that time has passed and the era of the secular school has come. The next quarter of a century will be strewn with the wrecks of educational institutions, that can give no reason for their existence save that of the support of some theological doctrine. The segregation of the school from the church has given the teachers gigantic studies in the field of universal knowledge. The educational profession has not yet come to the fullness to which it must come before the problem of universal education can be solved.

The youth from college may make a good teacher after awhile, but it will be with a waste of material and a rank injustice to the young intrusted to his care that he will come to be fit for the higher branches of teaching. The teaching force of the state is made up of those who follow teaching as a merely temporary occupation, for no man can be expected to give up his life to a work that pays less than the Homestead men were getting when they struck for higher wages.

cause.

The address insisted that the standard of admission into the teacher's position should be raised and the tenure made more secure by prohibiting removals except for His argument was that the best interests of the public demand a system of schools taught by a stable corps of trained professional teachers, something that we do not now have; that such a corps of teachers could not be had under the present system of admission to the teacher's position, nor could such a corps of teachers be established with the present drift out of the profession.

In considering the cause of this drift the question of wages came in. The thought was that the material rewards are too small to hold in the profession many of those who should be held, as he who can succeed well as a teacher can almost invariably succeed in other things which pay better.

The teacher's calling is worse paid than most other professionsthe ministry and literature, perhaps, excepted, and offers no such great prizes as both of these offer. The head cutter of a ready-made clothing manufactory is paid more than a university president. The last biennial report of the State Superintendent shows the average yearly salary of men in the schools of the cities of the State to be $630, of women, $453.60. The State at large, including cities, towns and townships, shows annual salaries of men to average $288.60, of women,

$261.30. The reasons for this small pay awarded the teachers arefirst, the general indifference of the public to the fact that unskilled teaching is a greater economical waste than unskilled labor in any handicraft or business enterprise; second, the fact that where salaries are paid to public officials they, as a rule, are by no means adequate, or graded with any reference to the true value of the service to be rendered. The public is prone to be niggardly in salaries, but lavish in fee lists-as evidenced by the salaries paid judges in comparison with the incomes of the officials of the courts over which they preside. This general tendency to keep salaries down is adverse to a fair compensation for the teacher. The small and struggling college, financially weak, unable to pay just compensation to its teachers exerts, also, a depreciatory influence upon educational values.

The competition of woman has tended to keep down educational compensations. From the point where woman was considered entirely unfit to teach at all, the pendulum of public opinion has swung almost to the extremity of its arc. Men have been gradually driven out of the grades of our public school work until they now are found scarcely anywhere, save in the supervisory and High School forces of cities and towns, and in diminishing numbers in the district schools.

That woman can teach and teach well, no one can deny, or can wish to deny. The coming into the schools of the gifted women who have adorned the school-room in years past, and who adorn it now, has been to the great and lasting advantage of the schools. But the public schools should not be taught entirely by women, no more than they should be taught entirely by men, and it has not been to the advantage of the schools that they should be so nearly deprived of the services of competent men as teachers.

If the change had been made entirely in the spirit of chivalry, or because competent men were not to be found, it could not be so justly censured, but the displacing of men has been too much because women would work for lower wages than men. It has been too much a matter of money, a competition in which woman has been arrayed against man, and woman against woman to the end that men have given way and women have filled their places. This competition has not been a competition of more merit but of less money. So far as I have observed wherever it has been loudly proclaimed that no difference would or should be made between the pay of men and women in the school, women's pay has not been raised to the level of pay needed to keep men, but salaries rather have been scaled down to the level of woman's wages.

This competition is not only injurious to the schools in driving from them competent teachers, but women themselves who are superior teachers suffer most keenly under the present system of admission into the teacher's office from the competition of the untrained masses of women, who eagerly seek places for temporary employment, with no intention of remaining in the schools longer than until marriage