Below the Convergence: Voyages Toward Antarctica, 1699-1839W. W. Norton & Company, 2007 M02 27 - 328 pages This wonderfully written book tells of the first Herculean expeditions to Antarctica, from astronomer Edmond Halley's 1699 voyage in the Paramore to the sealer John Balleny's 1839 excursion in the Eliza Scott, all in search of land, glory, fur, science, and profit. Life was harsh: crews had poor provisions and inadequate clothing, and scurvy was a constant threat. With unreliable--often homemade--charts, these intrepid explorers sailed in the stormy waters of the Southern Ocean below the Convergence, that sea frontier marking the boundary between the freezing Antarctic waters and the warmer sub-Antarctic seas. These men were the first to discover and exploit a new continent, which was not the verdant southern island they had imagined but an inhospitable expanse of rock and ice, ringed by pack ice and icebergs: Antarctica. |
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Contents
The HavenFinding Art | 22 |
The Plague of the Sea | 35 |
The Southern Ocean | 53 |
The Voyage of the Resolution and Adventure | 109 |
The Continent Discovered | 146 |
The Last Discoveries by Sealers | 259 |
Epilogue | 276 |
299 | |
305 | |
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Common terms and phrases
aboard Admiralty Adventure American anchor anchorage Antarctic Circle Antarctica Arctic ashore Balleny beaches Beaufoy Bellingshausen Berkeley Sound Biscoe Biscoe's boat Bransfield Brisbane British Cape Horn Captain century chart chronometers coast command Cook's course crew days later deck discovery east elephant seal Eliza Scott Enderby England English expedition exploration Falklands feet floes Forster French fresh Fuegians fur seals George Halley harbor Harrison hundred icebergs Island James Cook James Weddell Jane John John Biscoe journal Kerguelen land latitude lemon London longitude mariner miles months named natives navigation numbers officers Pacific pack ice Palmer Paramore passage penguins Resolution Ross Royal Navy Russian sailing south sailors salt scurvy sealers seamen ships shore sighted skins snow South Georgia South Shetland Islands South Shetlands southern continent Southern Ocean spent Stonington Terra Tula vessels voyage weather Weddell Sea Weddell's weeks whales William wind wrote Zealand