Of perspicuity.

such reflections, as to a superficial observer would appear minute and hypercritical, that language must be improved, and eloquence perfected *.

66

66

I RETURN to the causes of obscurity, and shall only further observe, concerning the effect of bad arrangement, that it generally obscures the sense, even when it doth not, as in the preceding instances, suggest a wrong construction. Of this the following will suffice for an example: "The young man did not want natu"ral talents; but the father of him was a coxcomb, "who affected being a fine gentleman so unmercifully, that he could not endure in his sight, or the frequent mention of one, who was his son, growing in"to manhood, and thrusting him out of the gay "world." It is not easy to disentangle the construction of this sentence. One is at a loss at first to find any accusative to the active verb endure; on further examination it is discovered to have two, the word mention, and the word one, which is here closely combined with the preposition of, and makes the regimen of the noun mention. I might observe also the vile application of the word unmercifully. This, together with the irregularity of the reference, and the intricacy of the whole, renders the passage under consideration, one of those which may, with equal

*The maxim, Natura se potissimum prodit in minimis, is not confined to physiology.

+ Spect. No. 496. Ţ,

Sect. I. The obscurity....Part III. From using the same word in different senses.

justice, be ranked under solecism, impropriety, abscu rity, or inelegance.

VOL. II.

PART III....From using the same word in different senses,

66

ANOTHER Source of obscurity, is when the same word is in the same sentence used in different senses. This error is exemplified in the following quotation; "That he should be in earnest it is hard to conceive; "since any reasons of doubt, which he might have in "this case, would have been reasons of doubt in the "case of other men, who may give more, but cannot 'give more evident, signs of thought than their fel"low-creatures *" This errs alike against perspicuity and elegance; the word more is first an adjective, the comparative of many; in an instant it is an adverb, and the sign of the comparative degree. As the reader is not apprised of this, the sentence must appear to him, on the first glance, a flat contradiction. Perspicuously either thus," who may give more "numerous, but cannot give more evident signs; or thus," who may give more, but cannot give clear"er signs."--It is but seldom that the same pronoun can be used twice or oftener in the same sentence, in reference to different things, without darkening the expression. It is necessary to observe here, that the signification of the personal, as well as of the relative pronouns, and even of the adverbs of place

29

Of perspicuity.

66

and time, must be determined by the things to which
they relate. To use them, therefore, with reference
to different things, is in effect to employ the same
word in different senses; which, when it occurs in the
same sentence, or in sentences closely connected, is
rarely found entirely compatible with perspicuity.
Of this I shall give some examples. "One may have
"an air which proceeds from a just sufficiency and
knowledge of the matter before him, which may
naturally produce some motions of his head and
body, which might become the bench better than
"the bar *." The pronoun which is here thrice used
in three several senses; and it must require reflection
to discover, that the first denotes an air, the second
sufficiency and knowledge, and the third motions of the
bead and body. Such is the use of the pronouns those
and who in the following sentence of the same writer:
"The sharks, who prey upon the inadvertency of
young heirs, are more pardonable than those, who
trespass upon the good opinion of those, who treat
"with them upon the foot of choice and respect †.”
The same fault here renders a very short sentence at
once obscure, inelegant, and unmusical. The like
use of the pronoun they in the following sentence, al-
most occasions an ambiguity: " They were persons
of
"such moderate intellects, even before they were im-
paired by their passion ."-The use made of the
pronoun it in the example subjoined, is liable to the

*Guardian, No. 13. + Ib. No. 73.

66

66

66

Spect. No. 30.

Sect. I. The obscurity....Part I. From an uncertain reference in pronouns, &c.

same exception: "If it were spoken with never so great skill in the actor, the manner of uttering that sentence could have nothing in it, which could " strike any but people of the greatest humanity, nay, people elegant and skilful in observations upon it *.” To the preceding examples I shall add one, wherein the adverb when, by being used in the same manner, occasions some obscurity: "He is inspired with a true "sense of that function, when chosen from a regard "to the interests of piety and virtue, and a scorn of "whatever men call great in a transitory being, when "it comes in competition with what is unchangeable "and eternal +."

66

66

66

66

66

A CAUSE of obscurity also arising from the use of pronouns and relatives, is when it doth not appear at first to what they refer. Of this fault I shall give the three following instances: "There are other examples," says Bolingbroke, "of the same kind, which "cannot be brought without the utmost horror, be"cause in them it is supposed impiously, against prin

ciples as self-evident as any of those necessary truths, "which are such of all knowledge, that the supreme

Being commands by one law, what he forbids by

PART IV. From an uncertain reference in pronouns and rela

* Spect. No. 502.

tives.

+ Guardian, No. 13.

66

Of perspicuity.

"another *" It is not so clear as it ought to be, what is the antecedent to such. Another from the same author, "The laws of Nature are truly what my "Lord Bacon styles his aphorisms, laws of laws. Civil laws are always imperfect, and often false de"ductions from them, or applications of them; nay, they stand in many instances in direct opposition to "them f." It is not quite obvious, on the first reading, that the pronoun them in this passage doth always refer to the laws of Nature, and they to civil laws. "When a man considers the state of his own

66

mind, about which every member of the Christian "world is supposed at this time to be employed, he "will find that the best defence against vice, is preserving the worthiest part of his own spirit pure "from any great offence against it." It must be owned that the darkness of this sentence is not to be imputed solely to the pronoun.

PART V. From too artificial a structure of the

sentence.

ANOTHER cause of obscurity is when the structure of the sentence is too much complicated, or too artificial; or when the sense is too long suspended by parentheses. Some critics have been so strongly persuaded of the bad effect of parentheses on perspicuity, as to think they ought to be discarded altogether.

Bolingb. Phil. Fr. 30. † Phil, Fr. 9. Guardian, No. 19.