Κλέωνι τούτῳ πολλὰ μεμφόμενος, ὅμως κατ ̓ ἀνάγκην ὁμολογῶ ἀδίκως κατακεκρίσθαι, αὐτοὶ δὲ οἱ ἐγκαλέσαντες τοιαῦτά φασι συμβῆναι ὥστε εἰκότως τινὰς καὶ τοῖς δικασταῖς καὶ τῷ ζημίαν τάξαντι χαλεπαίνειν, πῶς οἴεσθε ἀγανακτεῖν τοὺς αὐτόθεν, οἵτινες οὐκ ἀναίτιον μόνον ἐκεῖνον ἡγοῦνται ἀλλὰ πάντων μᾶλλον ἑαυτῶν εὐεργέτην;

5. He will no longer be able to harangue them ; but his wrongs will stir their blood more than his eloquence ever did: nor will he in confinement be able to exercise that influence which has so often restrained them, even in their most excited mood, from proceeding to acts of violence.

The second clause about his wrongs stirring their blood' will have to be made personal, of course nor is there any difficulty in doing it so, except the difficulty of keeping it sufficiently terse. Το excite is ταράσσω, ὁρμάω, ἐξορίνω. For stir their blood' and ' confinement' we shall naturally get simpler equivalents. There will then be no further difficulty.

The Greek of the whole will be: καὶ δημηγοροῦντος μὲν οὐκέτι ἔσται ἀκούειν· εἰδότες δὲ οἷα πάσχει πολὺ πλείονα ὀργὴν ἕξουσιν ἢ τῶν λόγων τότε ἀκροώμενοι· ὁ δὲ ἐν φυλακῇ ὢν οὐκέτι δὴ καθέξει, ὡς πολλάκις ἤδη καὶ σφόδρα ὁρμωμένους κατέσχεν, μὴ ἐς τὸ βιαιότερον τραπέσθαι.

The first of these clauses is a good example of the constant tendency in English to artificialise the arrangement of the acts and subjects: his wrongs will stir their blood' makes the action centre imaginatively round the man in prison, when the real thing described is the feelings of the people outside. The Greek reverts to the strict reality.

In the last clause it is in the English the influence' which restrains: in the Greek, of course, it must be the 'man.' And observe that I use μὴ, and not μὴ οὐ, as the last clause follows close on the positive κατέσχεν, and is further removed from the negative οὐκέτι δὴ καθέξει.

XVI.—THE DUKE OF GRAFTON—(JUNIUS).

1. You have publicly declared, even after your resignation, that you approved of their measures, and admired their characters-particularly that of the Earl of Sandwich. What a pity it is that with all this approbation you should think it necessary to separate yourself from such amiable companions! 2. You forget, my lord, that while you are lavish in the praise of men whom you desert, you are publicly opposing your conduct to your opinions, and depriving yourself of the only plausible pretence you had for leaving your Sovereign overwhelmed with distress: I call it plausible, for in truth there is no reason whatsoever, less than the frowns of your master, that could justify a man of spirit for abandoning his post at a moment so critical and important. 3. It is in vain to evade the question. If you will not speak out, the public have a right to judge from appearances. We are authorised to conclude that you either differed from your colleagues, whose measures you still affect to defend, or that you thought the administration of the King's affairs no longer tenable. 4. You are at liberty to choose between the hypocrite and the coward. Your best friends are in doubt which way they shall incline. Your country unites the characters, and gives you credit for them both. For my own part, I see nothing inconsistent in your conduct. You began by betraying the people, you conclude with betraying the King.

1. You have publicly declared, even after your resignation, that you approved of their measures, and admired their characters-particularly that of the Earl of Sandwich. What a pity it is that with all this approbation you should think it necessary to separate yourself from such amiable companions!

In the structure of the first clause there is one little point which we often have to notice, namely, that the English uses two verbs-' Approved of their measures, and admired their characters,' whereas the Greek would more likely put one verb to the front, and say, 'Praised them, both what they have counselled, and what they themselves were in virtue,' or something of that sort. 'Resignation' must of course be done by a verb, and the vaguer English must be made precise. Thus we shall say: 'After you ceased to hold office, ἐπειδὴ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐπαύσω, or ἐπειδὴ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπέλιπες.

The scathing irony given in the sentence, 'particularly that of the Earl of Sandwich'-the most notorious profligate even in the Duke of Grafton's ministry-must be somehow rendered either by inserting 'I think,' or some dramatic particle like δὴ οι δήπου. For what a pity it is,' say δεινὸν ποιεῖσθαι εἰ, οι θαυμάζω εἰ. will be naturally in Greek turned with a participle, with or

without although.'

With all this approbation

'Such amiable companions' may be done literally, oυTw φιλανθρώπων, or ἐπιεικῶν ἀνδρῶν, or by the simple use of the convenient word τοιοῦτος.

The whole will then be: ἐκείνους δὲ φανερῶς ἐπῄνεσας, καὶ ἐπειδὴ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐπαύσω, ὡς συμφέροντά τε βουλεύοντας καὶ αὐτοὺς σπουδαίους ὄντας· καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα, οἶμαι, τὸν Αἰσχίνην. ἐγὼ δὲ δεινὸν ποιοῦμαι εἰ οὕτως ἐπαινῶν ἀφεστάναι δεῖν μου τῶν τοιούτων.

2. You forget, my lord, that while you are lavish in the praise of men whom you desert, you are publicly opposing your conduct to your opinions, and depriving yourself of the only plausible pretence you had for leaving your Sovereign overwhelmed with distress: I call it plausible, for in truth there is no reason whatsoever, less than the frowns of your master, that could justify a man of spirit for abandoning his post at a moment so critical and important.

:

'Lavish in the praise' may be done simply by one word— 'flatter,' koλakeúw. 'You are publicly opposing' is a little κολακεύω. too artificial, in the way in which the idea is presented, for Greek it is better to say, 'You prove to be opposed.' 'Conduct' and 'opinions' may be either done by verbswhat you think' and 'what you do': or more simply by 'deeds' and 'thoughts': either à évovμeî ois espaσas évavría, or ἔργα and γνώμη, etc. 'The only plausible pretence you

had' is one of those clauses which in Greek is the same in structure, but different in order: the Greeks would say, which alone you had plausible pretext, ἣν μόνην είχες μετρίαν οι (εὐπρεπῆ) πρόφασιν: and moreover the relative clause, as so often, would come first, the principal verb, 'deprive,' being the end of the sentence. 'For leaving,' after pretence, will be either ὥστε or δι' ἥντινα, or even might be done with Toû and the infinitive.

In the second half of this long sentence the main thing to be observed is the real antithesis, which in the English is a little concealed by the arrangement of the sentence. The real antithesis is between the idea of 'plausible pretence' and the idea of 'just reason': but the latter is expanded into the longer phrase, 'There is no reason that could justify.' We must restore this in the Greek: 'Moderate pretext, I say: for just reason you cannot mention,' etc. 'The frowns of your master' is a highly metaphorical turn of phrase, and must naturally be translated according to the sense: 'Unless the King had quarrelled with you,' or 'unless the King had

dismissed you in anger.' A little further down the metaphorical expression 'abandoning his post' may be done literally it is a common Greek metaphor; and in rhetoric metaphors are much more allowed than in ordinary narrative. Or if it is preferred to give the sense, we may say, 'to abandon the King.' Lastly, 'critical and important' is only the common repetition of this rather verbose style: it will be quite enough to say merely, 'so great a crisis': using the convenient words τοσοῦτος or τοιοῦτος καιρός.

The whole sentence will then run somewhat as follows: ἐπελάθου γάρ, ὧνθρωπε, ὅτι τῷ τούτους κολακεύειν οὓς ἀπέλιπες ἐναντία δηλοῖς ὄντα τὰ ἔργα τῇ γνώμῃ, καὶ οὕτω ἣν μόνην εἶχες εὐπρεπῆ πρόφασιν ὥστε βασιλέα ταλαιπωρούμενον προδοῦναι, ταύτην αὐτὸς ἀφεῖλες· καὶ εὐπρεπῆ λέγω πρόφασιν· αἰτίαν γὰρ δικαίαν οὐδεμίαν ἂν εἴποι οὐδείς, ὅστις μὴ δειλός ἐστι καὶ κακός, δι' ἥντινα ἐν καιρῷ τοσούτῳ τὴν τάξιν δεῖ ἀπολιπεῖν, πλὴν εἰ ὁ βασιλεὺς δυσχεραίνων ἀπήλασεν.

3. It is in vain to evade the question. If you will not speak out, the public have a right to judge from appearances. We are authorised to conclude that you either differed from your colleagues, whose measures you still affect to defend, or that you thought the administration of the King's affairs no longer tenable.

The first difficulty is with the thoroughly idiomatic expression, 'It is in vain to evade.' The Greeks would not say μάταιόν ἐστι with infinitive; they would more likely make it personal, and say 'You are not benefited,' or 'You vainly try': or perhaps even more idiomatically still, Don't try For evade the question' many different phrases might be found; I should suggest 'when asked have recourse to shifts, ἐρωτώμενος ἐς προφάσεις καταφεύγειν. The public will be 'we,' or 'all men,' or 'the rest of us,' etc. For appearances' one might say simply 'from what we see,' or