1. The piece begins

These arguments which had much logic in them were strongly urged by Zapena, whose counsels were usually received

with deference. But on this occasion commanders and soldiers were hot for following up their victory.

The first point to notice is the artificial punctuation of the sentence. The thoughts are: Though the arguments were good, and strongly urged, and by a man generally listened to, they did not listen now: and accordingly the full stop at 'deference' must be disregarded. But as the sentence would

be a little heavy if the three clauses all came together under the word though,' it would be better to break them up, leaving the antithesis 'he was usually listened to, but not now,' for a second half of the sentence.

The rest of the difficulties concern the phrasing. 'Had much logic' is not like Greek at all: it will suffice to say 'sensible.' Again, on the principle of grouping the ideas round the persons and their acts, it is more natural in Greek to say 'he argued sensibly,' than to say 'the arguments (or words) were sensible.' For 'strongly urged' we might use the phrase πολὺς ἐγκεῖσθαι οι διϊσχυρίζομαι: but it will perhaps be more convenient to couple two adverbial phrases, and say 'sensibly and with earnestness': Tolaûтa dè þpovíμως καὶ μετὰ σπουδῆς παρῄνει ὁ Ζαποίνας.

We shall then pass from what he did to what they did, and so change the subject at the natural place. But they, though usually they listened respectfully to him, now being victorious were not willing to desist,' or otherwise, 'were anxious to follow up their success': and the nominative, as often happens, may be repeated distributively at the end, 'neither soldiers nor generals,' or 'both soldiers and generals,' according as our sentence is positive or negative. As to the phrasing, for 'listened respectfully' we may say Teileσlaι or ὑπακούειν: for ‘follow up we may use ἐπεξελθεῖν οἱ χρῆσθαι τῇ νίκη.

The second clause will then run: οἱ δὲ καίπερ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ πειθόμενοι αὐτῷ, οι καίπερ ὑπακούειν αὐτῷ εἰωθότες, τότε μέντοι κατορθώσαντες χρῆσθαι ἐπεθύμουν τῇ νίκῃ καὶ λοχαγοὶ καὶ στρατιῶται.

Next we have—

2. They cared nothing for the numbers of the enemy: they cried, The more infidels the greater glory in destroying them. Delay might after all cause loss of the prize.

The English here is to a beginner very misleading. The first sentence appears to be the words of the narrator; the second reports their cries; the third seems again the words of the narrator. As a fact, all three describe their feelings. and the expression of them; the last clause being what so commonly occurs in English, a concealed oratio obliqua. Accordingly in Greek the last two sentences will be oblique : the first one either leading up to it, or itself also oblique. That is, we may either say '(They said) they did not fear the numbers of the enemy: the more infidels the greater glory, etc. Delay might after all,' etc.: or we may say 'They did not care,' etc. (oratio recta): 'the more infidels,' etc. (oratio obliqua): delays might,' etc. (oratio obliqua).

As to the phrasing: 'numbers' must be тò πλños, or TOσOÚTOUS OVтas, or, however many the enemy might be,' ὁπόσοι εἶεν. [The beginner will put ἀριθμός, or, worse, ȧpioμoí. Again, 'infidels' he will render aπiσTOS (=unἀριθμοί. faithful), or doeßns (=impious): the latter at first sight a fair translation.] But the expression would look very unlike the usage of Greek prose. The reason is simple: the Greeks had no religious wars. The nearest corresponding feeling was the national prejudice against non-Hellenic enemies, whom they called βάρβαροι: I should therefore here use βάρβαροι. In the last clause we have three abstracts, delay, loss, prize: the sentence must, in accordance with our principles, be done

personally, and two at least will disappear. We shall then have, 'If they delayed, it was possible they might lose the advantage.'

The whole sentence will then run: οὐ γὰρ τὸ πλῆθος δεδιέναι τῶν πολεμίων, ὡς ὅσῳ πλείονες εἶεν [or Vivid, εἰσιν] οἱ βάρβαροι, τοσούτῳ μείζονι δόξῃ νικήσοντες· ὴν δ ̓ ἔτι μέλλωσι, φοβερὸν εἶναι μὴ σφαλῶσι τοῦ κέρδους [οι μὴ ἁμάρτωσιν ὧν ἐφίενται].

In the second sentence, instead of τοσούτῳ μείζονι δόξῃ νικήσοντες, we might use the idiomatic accusative absolute with ὡς, e.g., ὡς ὅσῳ πλείονες εἶεν οἱ βάρβαροι τοσούτῳ μείζονα ἐσομένην τὴν δόξαν νικήσασιν, a turn which brings the true predicate ('greater the glory') into still clearer prominence.

[The beginner will use bad words for prize, ἆθλον, βραβεῖον, etc., and will make an abstract word subject of the last clause, τὴν γὰρ μέλλησιν τὸ ἀθλον ἂν ἀφελεῖν, which is very unlike classical Greek.]

3. The archduke ought to pray that the sun might stand still for him that morning as for Joshua in the Vale of Ajalon.

No difficulty here in structure: 'that the sun,' etc., is, of course, oblique petition, and acc. with infin.: some will be sure to put ἵνα, ὡς, or ὅπως erroneously. Vale, if looked out, will probably bring the poetic words νάπη, or κλίτυς, the prose word for valebeing πεδίον, if needed at all. I should translate: δεῖν τοίνυν τὸν στρατηγὸν εὔξασθαι (ὡς Ἰωσῆς ἐλέγετο περὶ Αἴαλον) ἐπιστῆναι ἑαυτῷ τὸν ἥλιον ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ [or instead of ἐπιστῆναι, say ἀκίνητον γενέσθαι]. Just note that in the English as for Joshua, etc., is made part of the prayer: it is more natural to make it a simple narrative parenthesis, as in the Greek.

1 πεδίον is usually translated plain: but ‘valehere means the flat land at the foot of the hills, and that is exactly what the Greek πεδίον means.

4. The foe, seeing himself entrapped, with destruction awaiting him, was now skulking towards his ships, which still offered him the means of escape. Should they give him time he would profit by their negligence, and next morning, when they reached Nieuport, the birds would be flown.

In the connected style of Thucydides-indeed in any narrative Greek prose-this would probably be all one sentence, broken by a colon in the middle. As to the structure: use Oratio Obliqua, as it is still the feelings of the army that are being described. In the phrasing, note the following points: entrapped' is too metaphorical for Greek, and we had better use some word like άπoρía, or ἀμηχανῶν, οι κατειλημμένος. Seeing himself entrapped might be εἰδότα τὸν πολέμιον ἐν οἷᾳ ἀπορίᾳ κατέχεται. [The beginner will use two participles, one depending on another, always awkward: he will say Toùs Toλeμíovs αἰσθανομένους ἐμπλεκομένους, or something heavy like that or else he will import what he conceives to be Greek metaphor for trap, ἐς φρέατα, or ἐς παγίδα πεσόντας—possible, but unnatural and unidiomatic: the other far better.] In the next, with destruction awaiting him,' of course the abstract must be changed: μέλλοντα ἀπολέσθαι, or perhaps neater οὐδ ̓ ἂν οἰόμενον περιγενέσθαι ( not even expecting he could escape'-negative turns being often idiomatic), [Beginners will say diapeopàv and such horrors: even more advanced students will use future participle, and say ȧπoλovμévovs. Note specially that the present state of being about to do anything should always be done by μéλλw, never by future participle.] 'Skulking' vπeğiéval, the Trò giving notion of secrecy. The ships, which still offered,' etc.: avoid the personification, as ships in Greek prose do not usually ' offer' even safety and say' by which they still hoped to escape' [the beginner will say τὰς ναῦς τὰς ἔτι προτιθείσας σωτηρίαν, or some such expression: clumsy structure, personified,

:

D

abstract, and πрот. the wrong word]. 'Profit by negligence' will be χρήσεσθαι τῷ καιρῷ (use the opportunity) or something of the kind: the idea 'negligence' is much better put into its natural and true place, namely in the protasis: 'should they be negligent.' The birds would be flown' is an English proverbial expression, to translate which literally would be absurd. [I have had τὰς ὄρνιθας πτομένας ἂν evpeîv and similar versions!!] Even to put it as a simile ('they would find them gone like birds') is making far too much of it: the plainer the better: say οὐδένα ἔτι καταλήψεσθαι.

The whole passage will then run : εἰδότα γὰρ τὸν πολέμιον ἐν οἵᾳ ἀπορίᾳ κατέχεται καὶ οὐδ ̓ ἂν οἰόμενον περιγενέσθαι ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς (ᾗ ἐλπὶς ἔτι σωθῆναι) λάθρα ὑπεξιέναι· ἢν δέ τις ἀμελήσῃ, χρήσεσθαι αὐτόν τῷ καιρῷ, καὶ ἐπειδὰν τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ ἐς Νέον Λιμένα ἀφίκωνται οὐδένα ἔτι καταλήψεσθαι.

5. Especially the leaders of the mutineers were hoarse with indignation at the proposed delay. They had not left their brethren,' they shouted, 'nor rallied to the Archduke's banner, in order to sit down and dig the sand like ploughmen.'

Here, in the first clause, we revert to Oratio Recta, taking the oblique again in the last sentence. In the phrasing, ' especially' is frequently ovx Kora: 'leaders of mutineers' may be οἱ τὴν στάσιν πράσσοντες (those who were arranging or promoting the sedition': πpáσow very conveniently vague and general in this sense): 'were hoarse,' of course avoid the elementary blunder of attempting this phrase literally [τὴν φωνὴν ἐρρήγνυον or again ἔκερχον, quite impossible and absurd; διερρήγνυντο βοῶντες needlessly strong], but use the idiomatic Servà éπTOLOÛνTO Or ἐσχετλίαζον, adding βοῶντες if preferred. At the proposed delay,' avoid abstract [ẻπì tỷ μeλλovoŋ μový, rather unidiomatic] and use the regular idiom after verbs of emotion,