e with the future: proposed' may then be simply done. with ourw. They had not left . . . in order to,' etc. Here is a real pitfall which will catch everybody. They will all begin οὐ γὰρ τοὺς ἑταίρους ἀπολιπείν, etc., and then proceed va xalńμevot, etc. This is quite good grammar, and καθήμενοι, faithfully translated: but it will not do, for the simple reason that to a Greek reader it would convey that they had not left their brethren, the exact opposite of the truth; and even if he gathered the correct meaning at last, he would have begun with a false impression, which he would afterwards have to go back and revise-the very thing, of all others, which a good narrative avoids. The whole difficulty is escaped by beginning où TOÚTOυ eveкa, and then following with the final sentence in its natural place. 'Rallied to the banner' is of course technical metaphor, and there is no need for τὰς τάξεις or τὸ στρατόπεδον, still less any attempt at 'banner': but use simply the common word pоσxwрeîv, 'to join. Lastly, 'sit down and dig the sand like ploughmen is a vivid and startling phrase: but obviously the whole point of the indignant outburst is lost if we attempt to soften or paraphrase, and it must therefore be given literally.

The whole passage will then be: καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα οἱ τὴν · στάσιν πράσσοντες ἐσχετλίαζον καὶ δεινὰ ἐποιοῦντο, εἰ οὕτω διατρίψουσιν [or εἰ διατριβὰς τοιαύτας ἐάσουσι γενέσθαι], οὐ τούτου δὴ ἕνεκα φάσκοντες τοὺς μὲν σφετέρους ἀπολιπεῖν, ἐκείνῳ δὲ προσχωρῆσαι, ἵνα ἐγκαθήμενοι τὴν ψάμμον ὡς γεωργοὶ ἐξορύττωσιν.

Note on, common where a burst of feeling comes in: it is, as it were, a dramatic gesture. Note also ékeivą for the archduke': often a simple pronoun will suffice instead of a name or title.

་

IV.-PHYLLIDAS.

1. MEANWHILE, as the slave had been arrested, Phyllidas, sick with fears that he would confess under the rack, took to his bed. He ate nothing for three days, and lay barricaded in his house, giving orders to the porter to admit no one. 2. But the ephors having got all they could out of the slave, found that there were secrets which Phyllidas alone could explain: and the question was, how to extract them. 3. They could scarcely break open the house and seize Phyllidas himself: for violence to an Ambassador would be a mortal affront to the Thebans, and the time for open hostilities was not yet. 4. The services of the traitor Hyrlas were therefore again put in requisition. 5. The slave had written from prison to warn Phyllidas that no confidence could be placed in this emissary but the letter had been intercepted, and Phyllidas, though he had vague misgivings, had no reason to suspect actual treachery. 6. Accordingly, the stages of the farce having been first duly arranged, the ephors sent for Hyrlas, examined him, and finding him contumacious (as he had been told to be), loaded him with irons and threatened him with torture. 7. In this seeming extremity he wrote to the Ambassador (the ephors of course allowing the letter to go) and implored his aid, particularly inquiring what he might reveal, and what he should try to hide even under the severest torture. Phyllidas fell into the trap, and sent him full account of the plot, showing him what was vital to conceal: and the letter was forthwith taken to the ephors.

The first thing to notice in the first two sentences is, that it is all about the same person and the same set of facts, viz., about what Phyllidas did when he was afraid. It is better under these circumstances to make it all one sentence, in the natural fashion of the Greek continuous style.

The sentences run as follows:

1. Meanwhile, as the slave had been arrested, Phyllidas, sick with fears that he would confess under the rack, took to his bed. He ate nothing for three days, and lay barricaded in his house, giving orders to the porter to admit no one.

6

In the details, the first point is the phrase 'sick with fears': it is best to say, 'fearing lest, etc. . . . he lay as though sick.' Under the rack,' on the general principle of Greek, is a participle, 'being tortured.' Again, 'to admit no one,' is put in Greek a little more naturally and simply, 'that no one should be admitted.'

The Greek will then be: συλληφθέντος δὲ τοῦ δούλου, ὁ Φ. ἐν τούτῳ ἀπορῶν καὶ δεδιὼς μὴ βασανιζόμενός τι ὁμολογῇ, ὥσπερ νοσὼν δῆθεν τρεῖς ἡμέρας οἴκοι ἄσιτος ὧν ἔκειτο, συμφράξαι κελεύσας τὴν θύραν μηδὲ εἰσιέναι μηδένα.

Note that the porter,' being the necessary official, need not be expressed. Greeks say, 'having ordered to shut the door.'

The next sentence is

2. But the ephors having got all they could out of the slave, found that there were secrets which Phyllidas alone could explain and the question was, how to extract them.

This is one of those places so common in Greek where the real thing which the writer wishes to convey is implied rather than actually expressed. The real facts, in the order in which they happened, are as follows:-They questioned the slave: they did not learn all from him: they thought Phyllidas knew the rest: they wanted to get it out of him, but

did not know how to do so. The sentence is quite easy if we tell these facts in the order in which they occur. It is enough to say, 'But the ephor having examined the slave, when they found they did not yet know all, wished to learn the rest from Phyllidas, as alone knowing it: but being at a loss,' etc.

:

3. They could scarcely break open the house and seize Phyllidas himself for violence to an Ambassador would be a mortal affront to the Thebans, and the time for open hostilities was not yet.

In this sentence, they could scarcely,' etc., is again a concealed Oratio Obliqua: say, 'they knew they could not,' or 'they did not wish to,' etc. Again, 'violence ... mortal affront . ' are abstracts, and must be done as usual by turning: say, 'if they did violence to . . . the Thebans So, again, 'open hostilities' must

would be indignant. . .

be turned by 'manifest war or some such phrase.

The whole sentence (2 and 3) will then be: oi dè popol ἐξελέγξαντες τὸν δοῦλον, ἐπεὶ οὔπω πάντα ἐξεῦρον τὰ ἕτερα παρὰ Φ. ἐβούλοντο μαθεῖν ὡς μόνου εἰδότος· ἀποροῦντες δὲ πῶς χρῆ ἐπιχειρεῖν, ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἤθελον διαρρήξαντες τὴν οἰκίαν ξυλλαβεῖν αὐτόν, ὡς τῶν μὲν Θ. χαλεπῶς ἂν φερόντων εἰ τόν γε πρεσβεύτην βιάσαιντο αὐτοὶ δὲ οὔπω ἕτοιμοι ὄντες ἐς φανερὸν πόλεμον καταστῆναι, ταῦτα οὖν ἐνθυμούμενοι, etc.

Note, at the end of the subordinate clauses, the summarising phrase, ταῦτα οὖν ἐνθυμούμενοι.

4. The services of the traitor Hyrlas were therefore again put in requisition.

There are several points in this which want attending to. 'Services' abstract: say, 'use,' xpñola. Traitor': it will not do to say πроdóτηs, because this is the first time we have heard of him, and therefore we must say, 'who had

before given information,' or some such turn. 'Put in requisition' goes of course with 'services': 'had to use' is enough. The passage then is : ταῦτα οὖν ἐνθυμούμενοι Ὕρλᾳ τῷ πρότερον μηνύσαντι αὖθις διενοοῦντο χρῆσθαι.

5. The slave had written from prison to warn Phyllidas that no confidence could be placed in this emissary: but the letter had been intercepted, and Phyllidas, though he had vague misgivings, had no reason to suspect actual treachery.

Here the story goes back to a considerable time before, and then comes on to the moment when Hyrlas is wanted. It is more natural in Greek to say, 'Phyllidas, though he suspected ... yet knew nothing certain for though the slave had sent . . . yet the ephors . . .'

...

As to the wording: 'intercepted' is merely 'caught.' For 'confidence be placed,' say 'trust.' 'Actual treachery' is an abstract expression, and should be made personal: 'did not know that he was a traitor.'

Then the passage may be done as follows: ὁ δὲ Φ. καίπερ ἐν ὑποψίᾳ τοῦτον ἔχων, προδιδόντα μέντοι οὔπω σαφῶς ἠπίστατο· πέμψαντος γὰρ ἐκ φυλακῆς τοῦ δούλου, ὥστε μηκέτι τῷ Ὕρλα πεποιθέναι, ἑαλώθη ὁ ἄγγελος ὑπὸ τῶν ἐφόρων.

Note (1) the phrase ἐν ὑποψίᾳ ἔχειν : 30 ἐν αἰτίᾳ, ἐν ὀργῇ ;—(2) the convenient use of wσre, giving the practical conclusion of the message.

Then we have :

6. Accordingly, the stages of the farce having been first duly arranged, the ephors sent for Hyrlas, examined him, and finding him contumacious (as he had been told to be), loaded him with irons and threatened him with torture. First observe 'contumacious': the meaning is simply that he refused to tell anything. Next, 'the stages of the farce,' say, 'preparing everything for the deceit,' or something of the kind. Loaded with irons' is simply 'bound': for 'torture' use the ver βασανίζω.