Then the Greek will be: πάντα οὖν ἐς τὴν ἀπάτην παρασκευασάμενοι μετεπέμψαντο οἱ ἔφοροι τὸν Ὕρλαν ὡς ἐλέγξοντες· ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐδὲν δὴ (ὡς εἴρητο) ὡμολόγει δήσαντες βασανιεῖν ἠπείλουν.

7. In this seeming extremity he wrote to the Ambassador (the ephors of course allowing the letter to go) and implored his aid, particularly inquiring what he might reveal, and what he should try to hide even under the severest torture. Phyllidas fell into the trap, and sent him a full account of the plot, showing him what was vital to conceal and the letter was forthwith taken to the ephors.

As to structure :-the parenthesis is not quite in its natural place, as it is better to say first that the man wrote the letter, and what was in it, and then explain that the ephors allowed the letter to go.

'Under the severest torture' should be done by a participle.

'Fell into the trap': avoid metaphors. Say, 'deceived.' The hardest word is vital.' Perhaps it would be enough to say ἀναγκαῖον: but if it is to be fully expressed, we must say, 'what it is necessary to hide, or totally fail,' or some such phrase. In Greek perhaps ἢ τοῦ παντὸς σφαλῆναι.

The last piece will then be: ὁ δὲ ὡς ἔσχατα δῆθεν ἀμηχανῶν γράψας ἄλλα τε ἐλιπάρει ἐκεῖνον ὥστε βοηθεῖν, καὶ ἀνάγκην ἔφη εἶναι διδάσκειν τί δεῖ μηνύειν καὶ ποῖα χρὴ καίπερ δεινότατα πάσχοντα σιωπᾶν. ὁ δὲ Φ. διιέντων ὡς εἰκὸς τῶν ἐφόρων τὴν ἐπιστολήν, ἐξαπατηθεὶς πάντα ἐξεῖπε, δηλώσας ἅμα ἅπερ δέοι ἀποκρύπτειν ἢ σφαλῆναι τοῦ πάντος. ταῦτα δὲ εὐθὺς τοῖς ἐφόροις ἠγγέλθη.

Note (1) seeming done with ὡς and δῆθεν, the latter implying that the appearance was only assumed ;(2) ὥστε again after the word of entreaty, idiomatic, though often as here logically superfluous.

we may

[As to the errors which will most naturally occur, just note the following:-In 1, 'sick with fears' will be done literally; 'barricaded' will be done passive: which would suggest to a Greek reader that it was done against his will by somebody else. In 2, the structure will be probably servilely followed in imitation of the English: this, as explained above, will be more obscure than Greek likes. In 3, there is nothing but the abstracts and the concealed Oratio Obliqua, sufficiently explained above. In 4, nothing. In 5, we shall have the order wrong, and unnecessary pluperfects. In 6, 'the stages of the farce' will lead to a great many harsh and impossible phrases; they will translate by the words and not by the sense. 'Loaded with irons,' again, will lead to absurdities. In 7 there will be not many mistakes except about words: 'seeming extremity,' 'severest torture,' 'full account,' 'plot,' and 'vital,' will be the chief things.]

V.-CALAIS.

1. THE Queen, since her misadventure at the time of the Scotch marriage, had resolved to have no more to do with the insurgents in that quarter. Interference between subjects and sovereign had never been to her taste. 2. She had yielded with half a heart to the urgency of Cecil, and had gone far enough to commit herself without having meant even then to go further. The result had been failure, and the alienation of a powerful party, till then her devoted adherents. 3. She was now again confronted with a similar situation, at a time which was extremely critical. 4. The eight years after which, by the terms of the peace, Calais was to be restored to England, had just expired. She had sent in her demand. 5. The French replied that the peace had been violated by England, in the occupation of Havre, and that the provisions were no longer binding. 6. The dispute was hanging. What was she to do? As usual, she attempted to extricate herself by delays and ambiguities. The Ambassador's instructions were out of date before he had started.

1. The Queen, since her misadventure at the time of the Scotch marriage, had resolved to have no more to do with the insurgents in that quarter. Interference between subjects and sovereign had never been to her taste.

In sentence 1, and down to the end of 2, we notice that the tenses of the principal verbs are all pluperfect: seeing

that it all refers to a previous difficulty to the one which is the immediate subject of the piece, namely, the difficulty about Calais. In this matter the English is much more accurate than the Greek, and in the latter it is not idiomatic to use the pluperfect, but the ordinary narrative aorist, the time being defined by some word like τότε οι πρότερον. As to the details, misadventure' is vague; say, 'her plans about the marriage failed.' For 'Scotch,' and 'in that quarter,' it is enough to use the convenient there.' In the second clause of 1 we notice that the time is again changed, and it is even previous to that in the first clause. Again, in Greek use the simple past. If the abstracts are properly turned, it runs somehow like this: 'for not even before did she like to lead subjects into sedition with their ruler.'

The Greek for 1 may then be as follows: 'H dè és тà TEρÌ τὸν γάμον τότε οὐ κατώρθωσεν, τοῖς ἐκεῖ στασιάζουσιν οὐκέτι ἤθελε ξυμπράσσειν· οὐδεπώποτε γὰρ ἐβούλετο τοὺς πολίτας ἐς στάσιν ἄγειν τῇ ἀρχούσῃ.

2. She had yielded with half a heart to the urgency of Cecil, and had gone far enough to commit herself without having meant even then to go further. The result had been failure, and the alienation of a powerful party, till then her devoted adherents.

6

Here the first clause may be tied on to the preceding: but she yielded,' etc. Urgency' must of course be turned, Cecil urging her': προθυμουμένου, or πείθοντος: ‘with half a heart' is 'scarcely,' μónus. And had gone far enough,' etc. is merely the explanation of ' yielded,' and will be most neatly done by a consecutive clause, 'so as to,' etc. 'Commit herself' is very idiomatic English, and must be interpreted: the meaning is that she had gone so far as to promise, but had not even from the first intended to perform; and this is easy to give in a variety of ways. The last sentence of 2 is kind of summary of what has gone before, and may be

tied on to 3 by a participial construction, thus:—' accordingly, having failed, and having alienated,' etc., 'she now again,' etc. ἀλλὰ προθυμουμένου τοῦ Κ. μόλις ἐπείθετο, ὥστε λόγῳ γοῦν τι ὑποσχέσθαι, ἔργῳ οὐδὲ τότε διανοησαμένη ἐκτελεῖν [or, perhaps better, ἐπεξιέναι]. σφαλεῖσα τοίνυν ὧν ἤλπιζε, καὶ τοσούτοις ἀνδράσιν, ἐπιτηδειοτάτοις πρὶν ὑπάρχουσιν, ὕποπτος γενομένη [or ἐς ἔχθραν, or διαφορὰν καταστᾶσα]

etc.

(1) Notice the common Greek antithesis of λóyo̟ and ěpyw;(2) observe the idiom of τοσούτοις for πολλοῖς οι δυνατοῖς.

3. She was now again confronted with a similar situation, at a time which was extremely critical.

This clause offers the real difficulty. It implies more than it says, for it really expresses in the narrative form, not what was the case, not what happened, but what she felt to be the case it is again a concealed Oratio Obliqua. She had had experience, and this experience showed her that the same difficulty had come again in a time which was, owing to other things, already critical. It is perhaps best to express this fully, and say: 'when she saw that she had come into a similar case, and that, too, being already in peril on other accounts, she was in great perplexity.'

The Greek will be : ὡς ἔσθετο αὖθις ἐς ταὐτὸ καταστᾶσα, καὶ ταῦτ ̓ ἤδη δι ̓ ἄλλο τι κινδυνεύουσα, πάσῃ δὴ ἀπορίᾳ κατείχετο.

4. The eight years after which, by the terms of the peace, Calais was to be restored to England, had just expired. She had sent in her demand.

The verbs here are all pluperfects, as at the beginning, and are to be treated in the same way. The order must be carefully observed: first the terms of the treaty: then the time expired: then the demand. [The beginner will follow