refineries, distilleries, tan-pits, dye-houses, etc. In the vicinity are numerous oil-mills, porcelain-factories, and glass and pottery works. Pop. '81, 145,113.

LILLEBONNE, a small t. of northern France on the river Bolbec, 40 kilometers e. of Havre; pop. 4,800; has manufactures of thread, cotton, and linen fabrics. William the conqueror gave it importance by the construction there of a chatean-fort. Old Roman roads diverge from it to Rouen, Paris, Evreux, and Dreux. It was a city of importance under the Romans, as attested by considerable ruins, among which are those of a theater 340 ft. long.

LILLERS, a small t. in the n. of France on the river Mare; pop. 7353. Principal industries, the manufacture of shoes for exportation, of linens, and of beer and distilled liquors.

LILLIBURLERO, the refrain of an Irish ballad, which appeared before the revolution of 1688, and is said to have exercised a profound influence, going far to precipitate that outbreak. The words "lilliburlero and bullen-a-lah" (Irish) are said to have been employed by the Irish Roman Catholics during the Protestant massacres of 1641. The ballad in question, alleged to have been written by lord Wharton, took up these words and employed them to fire the hearts of the king's soldiers.

LIL LIPUT, the name of a fabulous kingdom described by Swift in Gulliver's Travels, of which the inhabitants are not greater in size than an ordinary man's finger. The term Lilliputian has come into common use as a designation of anything very diminutive.

LIL'LO, GEORGE, 1693–1739; an English dramatist of vigorous style and of a moral tendency in advance of his time; the representative of the domestic manners and tastes of the middle classes. His plays of Silvia and George Barnwell both appeared in 1731. The latter was extremely popular, and greatly delighted queen Caroline. It was imitated by Saurin and played in France under the title of Beverly. His other works are the Christian Hero; Marina; and Elmerick. These works were collected and published in 2 vols. 12mo. in 1772.

LILLY, JOHN. See LYLY.

LILLY, WILLIAM, an English astrologer, b. at Diseworth, in Leicestershire, in 1602. Whilst yet a young man, he was employed as book-keeper by a merchant in London, who could not write, and on his employer's death married his widow, with whom he obtained a fortune of £1000 sterling. He betook himself to the study of astrology, particularly the Ars Notoria of Cornelius Agrippa, and soon acquired a considerable fame as a caster of nativities, and a predictor of future events. In 1634 he is said to have obtained permission from the dean of Westminster to search for hidden treasure in Westminster abbey, but was driven from his midnight work by a storm, which he ascribed to hellish powers. From 1644 till his death he annually issued his Merlinus Anglicus Junior, containing vaticinations, to which no small importance was attached by many. In the civil war he attached himself to the parliamentary party, and was actually sent in 1648, with another astrologer, to the camp at Colchester, to encourage the troops, which service he performed so well that he received a pension for it, which, however, he only retained two years. Nevertheless, he made a small fortune by his "art" during the commonwealth, and was able to purchase an estate. After the restoration, he was for some time imprisoned, on the supposition that he was acquainted with the secrets of the republicans; but being set free, he retired to the country. He was again apprehended on suspicion of knowing something of the causes of the great fire of London in 1666. He died June 9, 1681, at his estate at Hersham. Lilly wrote nearly a score of works on his favorite subject. They are of no value whatever, except to illustrate the credulity or knavery of their author.

LILY, a genus of plants of the natural order liliacea, containing a number of species much prized for the size and beauty of their flowers. The perianth is bell-shaped, and its segments are often bent back at the extremity. The root is a scaly bulb, the stem herbaceous and simple, often several feet high, bearing the flowers near its summit.The WHITE LILY (L. candidum), a native of the Levant, has been long cultivated in gardens, and much sung by poets. It has large, erect, pure white flowers, as much prized for their fragrance as for their beauty.-The orange lily (L. bulbiferum), a native of the s. of Europe, with large, erect, orange-colored flowers, is a well-known and very showy ornament of the flower-garden. The martagon or Turk's cup lily (L. martagon), a native of the s. of Europe, and allied species with verticillate leaves and drooping flowers, are also common in gardens. The tiger lily (L. tigrinum) is a native of China, remarkable for the axillary buds on the stem; and some very fine species are natives of North America, as L. superbum, which grows in low ground in the United States, has a stem 3 to 7 ft. high, and reflexed orange flowers, spotted with black; L. Canadense, etc. Several very fine species have been introduced from Japan, as L. Japonicum, L. speciosum, and L. lancifolium.—The bulbs of L. pomponium, L. martagon, and L. Kamtschacense, are roasted and eaten in Siberia. That of L. candidum loses its acridity by drying, roasting, or boiling; when cooked, it is viscid, pulpy, and sugary, and is eaten in some parts of the east.-Lilies are generally propagated by offset bulbs. A single scale of the bulb will, however, suffice to produce a new plant, or even part of a scale, of

which skillful gardeners avail themselves.-The name lily is often popularly extended to flowers of other genera of the same order, and even of allied orders.

LILY, GIGANTIC, Doryanthes excelsa, of Australia, a plant of the natural order amaryllidea, with flowering stem 10 or 14, sometimes 20 ft. high, bearing at top a cluster of large crimson blossoms. The stem is leafy, but the largest leaves are near the root. This plant is found both on the mountains and the sea-coast of New South Wales. It is of splendid beauty. The fiber of its leaves has been found excellent for ropes and for textile fabrics.

LILYBÆ UM. See MARSALA.

LILYE, or LILLY, WILLIAM, 1466-1523; a celebrated English grammarian; graduated at Oxford, and immediately afterwards traveled in the orient to perfect his knowl edge of the Greek language. He passed five years at the ancient city of Rhodes, then resided in Rome, and returned to London in 1509. There he opened the first public school for teaching the dead languages. He became, soon after, the first master of St. Paul's school, and in the intervals of his duties edited and published a work known as Lilly's Grammar; to which dean Colet, the great Erasmus, and cardinal Wolsey each contributed a part. It was a quarto volume, published in London in 1513.

LILY OF THE VALLEY, Convallaria, a genus of plants of the natural order liliacea, having terminal racemes of flowers; a white, bell-shaped, or tubular 6-cleft or 6-toothed perianth; a 3-celled germen, with two ovules in each cell, and a succulent fruit.-The species commonly known as the lily of the valley (C. majalis), the Maiblume or Mayflower of the Germans, grows in bushy places and woods in Europe, the north of Asia, and North America, and has a leafless scape, with a raceme of one-sided small flowers. Varieties are in cultivation with red, variegated, and double flowers. The berries, the root, and the flowers have a nauseous, bitter, and somewhat acrid taste, and purgative and diuretic effects. The smell of the flowers, when in large quantity and in a close apartment, is narcotic. Dried and powdered they become a sternutatory. The esteemed eau d'or of the French is a water distilled from the flowers.-Allied to lily of the valley is Solomon's seal (q.v.).

LI'MA, cap. of Allen co., O., on the Ottawa river, 71 m. n. of Dayton, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago; Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton; Lake Erie and Western; and the Chicago and Atlantic railroads. Among its public buildings are the granite court-house and the Faurot opera-house. L. is the center of the n. w. Ohio oil field, the daily production of which is 10,000 bbls. There are 2 large oil refineries, employing 5000 hands, paper mills, iron foundries, and machine shops, car works and car repair shops, furniture, box, and canning factories. There are 4 banks. Pop. '80, 7567.

LIMA, the capital of the republic of Peru, stands on the Rimac, from whose name its own is corrupted, in lat. 12° 3' s., and long. 77° 5' w. It is 6 m. distant from its port, on the Pacific, Callao, with which it is connected by a railway. The temperature is agreeable, averaging 68.1° in winter and 77.6° in summer; and the climate is comparatively salubrious, abundant dews making up for the want of rain. Lima was founded by Pizarro in 1535, and called Ciudad de los Reyes. It has been frequently visited by earthquakes, one of which, in 1746, destroyed many buildings. In 1881 the city was captured by a Chilian army. The approaches to the city are by six gates; and the principal alameda, an avenue of great beauty on the road to Callao, is one of the most striking and impressive thoroughfares on the continent. At a distance the city's spires and domes glitter in the sun, and its architecture, Moorish in character, gives it a very picturesque appearance. But, excepting the public buildings, the houses are low, and irregularly built, though the streets are regular and attractive. The plaza mayor, or great square, has a handsome fountain in the center, and is the principal business locality. Here are the palace of the president of Peru, the cathedral, and the archbishop's palace; the old palace of Pizarro is on the south side, and on the west is the townhall. An immense amphitheater for bull-fighting is a feature of one of the alamedas. The longest side of the city, which is in the form of a triangle, extends along the bank of the river Rimac. Through the middle of almost every street a stream of water is turned each morning, designed to carry away whatever refuse collects from the houses; and this process, combined with the service of the buzzards, comprises the public scavengering of the city. The monasteries and convents of Lima, of which there were at one time a large number, have nearly all been suppressed. The convent of San Francisco, however, is a large monastic establishment, covering nearly seven acres of ground: there are also many parish churches and 22 chapels. The university of Lima was the first educational establishment of the kind in the new world. It has fallen into decay to some extent, but contains a valuable library of about 20,000 volumes. At one time the grand entrepôt for the west coast of the continent, L. still carries on a large trade, importing cottons, woolens, silks, hardware, wines, and brandy; and exporting silver, copper, bark, soap, vicuna wool, chinchilla skins, niter, sugar, etc. Annual value of imports and exports, $25,000,000. The population, including the suburban villages, 10 in number, in 1880 was about 105,000.

LIMA WOOD, a name of the dye-wood also called Pernambuco wood, Nicaragua wood, and peach wood, the heart-wood of Casalpinia echinata. See BRAZIL WOOD. It is extensively used for dyeing red and peach-color.

LIMAX and LIMACIDAE. See SLUG.

LIMB, the border or edge of the disk of a heavenly body, particularly the sun and moon. The name is applied to the graduated circle of an instrument for measuring angles. A concentric arc used for subdividing the spaces or degrees on the limb, is called a vernier. There are two limbs on a theodolite, one for measuring horizontal and another for measuring vertical angles, called respectively the horizontal and the vertical limb. The graduated staff of a leveling rod is often called a limb. the graduated line on the vane being called the vernier.

LIMBER is half the field-equipage of a cannon or howitzer. The one half consists of the carriage itself, with the gun; while the limber, a two-wheeled carriage, fitted with boxes for the field-ammunition of the piece, and having shafts to which the horses are harnessed, forms the remainder. At the back-part, the limber has a strong hook, to which, on the march, is attached the foot of the gun-carriage by a ring. This constitutes at once a four-wheeled frame, which, while easier for transport than a gun on two wheels only, has the advantage of keeping together the gun and its ammunition. In marching, the gun points to the rear; but in coming to action, the artillerymen, by a rapid evolution, wheel round, so that the gun points to the front. It is then unlimbered, or unhooked, and the limber conveyed far enough to the rear to be out of the way of the men working the piece. To limber up again and retreat or pursue is the work but of a few moments.

LIMBO. See LIMBUS.

LIM BORCH, PHILIPPUS VAN, 1633-1712; b. Amsterdam; was educated in theology, and in 1657 made minister at Gonda, and ten years later professor of theology at the Remonstrant college of Amsterdam. He was a careful student of the doctrines of Arminius, and wrote Theologia Christiana, an elaborate and profound analysis of them, published 1686 and highly praised by Hallam. He was in frequent correspondence with John Locke.

LIM BURG, an old province of Belgium, which, after having formed part of Belgium, France, Holland, and Austria, was, in 1839, divided between Belgium and Holland.BELGIAN LIMBURG, or LIMBOURG, in the n.e. of the kingdom, is separated from Holland by the Meuse up to lat. 51° 9′ n., and thence by a line running e.n.e. to the northern boundary of the kingdom. The surface of the province is flat, and a large portion of it is occupied by barren heath; but in the s. and center there is good arable land. There is excellent pasturage along the banks of the Meuse, and large herds of cattle and swine are here reared. The manufactures include soap, salt, pottery, paper, tobacco, straw. hats, beet-sugar, etc. The area of the province is 928 English sq.m., and the pop. '79, 211,694. The capital of the province is Hasselt (q.v.).

LIMBURG, a province of Holland, which was once also a duchy in the Germanic confederation, forms the s.e. corner of the kingdom, being contiguous to the Belgian province of the same name. Its surface is generally level, and the soil is poor, a great part of it consisting of moors and marshes. However, in the valleys of the Meuse and its chief tributaries, excellent crops of grain, hemp, flax, oil-seeds, etc., are raised, and cattle and sheep reared. There are many manufactories of gin, tobacco, soap, leather, paper, and glass. The capital is Maestricht (q.v.). Area, 848 English sq.m.; pop. '80, 239,692.

LIMBURG-ON-THE-LAHN. A t. in the duchy of Nassau annexed to Prussia in 1866; seat of the Catholic bishopric of Fribourg; pop. about 5,000. It is one of the most ancient cities of Germany. The "Chronicles of Limbourg," in one of its libraries, is one of the oldest and most important historical manuscripts of Europe. The cathedral of St. George, built in the 13th c. on a crag overlooking the valley of the river, is remarkable for its picturesqueness. Near this town the French gen. Jourdan was defeated by the Austrians in 1796. See illus., CATHEDRALS, vol. III., p. 558, fig. 4.

LIM'BUS (Lat. limbus, a border), the name assigned in Roman Catholic theology to that place or condition of departed souls in which those are detained who have not offended by any personal act of their own, but, nevertheless, are not admitted to the divine vision. They distinguish it into the limbus patrum and the limbus infantium. By the former name they understand the place of those just who died before the coming of the Redeemer, and of whom it is said (1 Peter iii. 19) that he preached to those spirits that were in prison. By the latter is meant the place or state of the souls of infants who die without baptism. See HELL. Regarding the nature of both these places of detention, great variety of opinion prevails in Roman Catholic schools. See Wetser's KirchenLexicon, art. " Höllenfahrt Christi."

LIME is the oxide of the metal calcium (q.v.), and is known in chemistry as one of the alkaline earths. Its symbol is CaO, its equivalent is 56, and its specific gravity is 3.08. In a state of purity it is a white caustic powder, with an alkaline reaction, and so infusible as to resist even the heat of the oxhydrogen jet. See DRUMMOND LIGHT. It

is obtained by heating pure carbonate of lime (as, for instance, Carrara marble or Iceland spar) to full redness, when the carbonic acid is expelled and lime is left. Commercial lime, which is obtained by burning common limestone in a kiln, is usually very far from pure. This compound (CaO) is known as quicklime, or, from the ordinary method of obtaining it, as burned lime, to distinguish it from the hydrate of lime or slaked lime, which is represented by the formula Ca(OH)2. On pouring water on quicklime, there is an augmentation of bulk, and the two enter into combination; and if the proportion of water be not too great, a light, white, dry powder is formed, and a great heat is evolved. On exposing the hydrate to a red heat, the water is expelled, and quicklime is left.

If quicklime, instead of being treated with water, is simply exposed to the air, it slowly attracts both aqueous vapor and carbonic acid, and becomes what is termed airslaked, the resulting compound in this case being a powder which is a mixture (or possibly a combination) of carbonate and hydrate of lime.

Lime is about twice as soluble in cold as in boiling water, but even cold water only takes up about of its weight of lime. This solution is known as lime-water, and is much employed both as a medicine and as a test for carbonic acid, which instantly renders it turbid, in consequence of the carbonate of lime that is formed being more insoluble even than lime itself. It must, of course, be kept carefully guarded from the atmosphere, the carbonic acid of which would rapidly affect it. If, in the preparation of slaked lime, considerably more water is used than is necessary to form the hydrate, a white semi-fluid matter is produced, which is termed milk of lime. On allowing it to stand, there is a deposition of hydrate of lime, above which is lime-water.

The use of lime in the preparation of mortars and cements is described in the articles on these subjects. Lime is also largely employed as a manure (see below), and in the purification of coal-gas, in the preparation of hides for tanning, for various laboratory processes (from its power of attracting water), etc. Its medicinal uses are noticed below.

The following are the most important of the salts of lime. Sulphate of lime (CaSO4) occurs free from water in the mineral anhydrite, but is much more abundant in combination with two equivalents of water in selenite, and in the different varieties of gypsum and alabaster. See GYPSUM.

Carbonate of lime (CaCO3) is abundantly present in both the inorganic and organic kingdoms. In the inorganic kingdom it occurs in a crystalline form in Iceland spar, Aragonite, and marble-in which it is found in minute granular crystals-while in the amorphous condition it forms the different varieties of limestone, chalk, etc. It is always present in the ashes of plants, but here it is, at all events, in part the result of the combustion of citrates, acetates, malates, etc., of lime. It is the main constituent of the shells of crustaceans and mollusks, and occurs in considerable quantity in the bones of man and other vertebrates. Carbonate of lime, held in solution by free carbonic acid, is also present in most spring and river waters, and in sea-water. Stalactites, stalagmites, tufa, and travertin are all composed of this salt, deposited from calcareous waters. Certain forms of carbonate of lime-the Portland and other oolites, some of the magnesian limestones, etc.-are of extreme value for building purposes, and the various uses of the finer marbles (q.v.) are too well known to require comment.

There is a combination of lime with an organic acid, viz., oxalate of lime, which is of great importance in pathology as a frequent constituent of urinary calculi and sediments; for a description of it see OXALIC ACID.

The soluble salts of lime (or, more accurately speaking, of calcium) give no precipitate with ammonia, but yield a white precipitate (of carbonate of lime) with carbonate of potash or of soda. These reactions are, however, common to the salts of barium, strontium, and calcium. Solution of sulphate of lime produces no marked effect when added to a salt of calcium, but throws down a white sulphate with the other salts. The most delicate test for lime is oxalate of ammonia, which, even in very dilute neutral or alkaline solutions, throws down a white precipitate of oxalate of lime.

There are several compounds of phosphoric acid and lime, of which the most important is the basic phosphate of lime, sometimes termed bone phosphate, from its being the chief ingredient of bones. The basic phosphate is represented by the formula Ca3(PO4)2, and not only occurs in bones, but also in the minerals apatite and phosphorite, and in the rounded nodules termed coprolites, which are found in the Norfolk crag. It forms four-fifths of the ash of well-burned bone, the remaining one-fifth being carbonate of lime. This ash is known as bone-earth, and is employed as a manure and in the preparation of phosphorus, etc.

The substance commonly designated as chloride of lime has been already described in the article BLEACHING POWDER.

Lime as Manure.-This mineral substance has been used for many centuries as a means of increasing the fertility of land. All crops require a certain amount, as is found by analyzing the ash which remains after combustion. It is sometimes supplied, without previous preparation, in the form of marl and chalk, but in most cases is first calcined and reduced to a fine powder by slaking with water. The quantity of calcined lime applied varies from three to eight tons to the acre. The smaller quantity may be sufficient for light land containing little vegetable matter, while the larger may be

required for strong land, or for land holding much organic matter in an inert state. The large quantity of lime applied shows that its manurial effect is due more to its producing a certain chemical effect on the land than to its affording nutriment to the crops. Lime promotes the decomposition of all kinds of vegetable matter in the soil, and, further, it corrects any acidity in the organic matter, and thus destroys those weeds which are favored by such a condition of the soil. It assists in the decomposition of certain salts whose bases form the food of plants, and in this way it may be said to digest or prepare their food. On certain kinds of land, the finer grasses do not thrive until the land has been limed, and in these cases its use becomes all-important. Lime is the only cure, too, that can be relied on for "finger-and-toe" in turnips,

Lime-Compounds in Materia Medica.-Quicklime, in association with potash, either as the potassa cum calce, or as Vienna paste, is occasionally used as a caustic. Lime-water, mixed with an equal quantity or an excess of milk, is one of our best remedies for the vomiting dependent on irritability of the stomach. From half an ounce to two or three ounces may be thus taken three or four times a day. Its use as a constituent of carron oil in burns is noticed in the article LINIMENTS. Chalk, or carbonate of lime, when freed from the impurities with which it is often associated, is used as a dusting-powder in moist excoriations, ulcers, etc.; and in the form of chalk mixture and compound powder of chalk, is a popular remedy in various forms of diarrhea. A mixture of an ounce of precipitated carbonate of lime and a quarter of an ounce of finely powdered camphor, is sold as camphorated cretaceous tooth-powder.

LIME, Citrus acida, a fruit similar to the lemon (q.v.), but much smalier, being only about 1 inches in diameter, and almost globular, with a thin rind, and an extremely acid juice. It is regarded by many botanists as a variety of the same species with the citron and lemon. The plant does not attain the magnitude of a tree, but is a shrub of about 8 ft. in height, with a crooked trunk, and many spreading prickly branches. It is a native of India and China, but has long been cultivated in the West Indies, the s. of Europe, etc. In the West Indies, it is planted both for the sake of its fruit and for hedges. The fruit is used for the same purposes as the lemon; but its acid is by many reckoned more agreeable. Lime-juice is imported into Britain like lemon-juice for the manufacture of citric acid, and it is itself used as a beverage. The sweet lime (C. limetta of Risso), cultivated in the s. of Europe, appears to be a mere variety, probably the result of cultivation, with a sub-acid pulp.

LIME, or LINDEN, Tilia, a genus of trees of the natural order tiliacea, natives of Europe, the n. of Asia, and North America. The species are very similar; graceful, umbrageous trees; with deciduous, heart-shaped, serrated leaves, and cymes or panicles of rather small yellowish flowers; each cyine or panicle accompanied with a large, oblong, yellowish, membranous bractea, with netted veins, the lower part of which adheres to the flower-stalk. The wood is light and soft, but tough, durable, and partic. ularly suitable for carved work. It is much used by turners, and for making pill-boxes The charcoal made of it is often used for tooth-powder, for medicinal purposes, for cray. ons, and for the manufacture of gunpowder. The use of the fibrous inner bark for making ropes, mats, and other plaited work, is noticed in the article BAST. It is also used as a healing application to wounds and sores, being very mucilaginous, and abounding in a bland sap. The leaves are in some countries used as food for cattle, but cows fed on them produce bad butter. The flowers have an agreeable odor, and abound in honey, much sought after by bees. The celebrated Kowno honey, much valued for medicinal use and for making liqueurs, is the produce of great lime forests near Kowno, in Lithuania. The infusion and distilled water of the dried flowers are gently sudorific and antispasmodic. The former is in France a popular remedy for catarrhs. The seeds abound in a fixed sweet oil.-The EUROPEAN LIME, or LINDEN (T. Europaa), often attains a large size, particularly in rich alluvial soils. Some botanists distinguish a small-leaved kind (T. parvifolia or microphylla) and a large-leaved (T. grandifolia) as different species; others regard them as mere varieties. The HOODED or CAPUCHIN LIMB is an interesting monstrous variety. The lime tree is often planted for shade in towns; and the principal street of Berlin is called Unter den Linden, from the rows of lime trees which line it. The lime is a very doubtful native of Britain, although indigenous on the continent from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean. In Britain, the lime tree is generally propagated by layers.-The AMERICAN LIME (T. Americana, or T. glabra), commonly called BASSWOOD in America, has larger leaves than the European species. It abounds on the shores of lakes Erie and Ontario. Other species take its place in more western and more southern regions. For representation of cross-section of wood, see illus., BOTANY, vol. II., p. 800, fig. 2.

LIM ERICK, an inland co. of the province of Munster, in Ireland, separated by the Shannon on the n. from Clare, and bounded on the e. by Tipperary, on the s. by Čork, and on the w. by Kerry. Its extreme length is 35 m., its breadth 54 m.; area, 1064 sq.m., or 680,842 acres. Pop. '81, inclusive of the city of Limerick, 180,632; of whom 168,000 were Roman Catholics. The county returns two members to parliament. The surface of Limerick is an undulating plain, which forms part of the central carboniferous limestone plain of Ireland. A mountainous district on the w. belongs to the great coal-tract of Munster, but the coal is of an inferior quality, and is chiefly used for the