in a very warm state, with a large, flat camel-hair brush on one side of good-sized, smooth, thin paper, which, when dry, requires to be passed frequently, over a heated stone, through the press. The paper being drawn or written upon with lithographic ink is, when finished, put for a few minutes between damp blotting-paper; a warmed stone is put in the press, the sheet is placed with the coated side upon it, and then passed several times through the press; the back of the paper, now adhering to the stone, is then sponged with water; the stone is turned and passed several times again through the press in the opposite direction, after which the sheet is softened with water, and rubbed with the fingers until it can be easily removed from the stone. Some gum is then put upon it, and a linen rag dipped in printing-ink, and with the aid of a little water, passed in all directions over the lines till they appear black and clean. The stone is then allowed to cool, inked up with the roller, then very slightly etched, and after being cleaned is ready for use. Authography is the name given to a writing or drawing done with the chemical ink on one side of any plain-not coated-paper; for example, bankers' circulars: the transfer 18 done in the same manner as already described, with the difference that the sheet, when laid on the stone, is passed only once through the press. Transferring of any writings, maps, drawings in line or music, done on copper, steel, and pewter-plates, and retransferring of any line-work already on the stone, form an important part of lithography, as an unlimited number of impressions can be produced at a very moderate expense without wearing out the original plates or stones, and as parts of various plates, stones, and letterpress can be transferred to, and printed from, the same stone. The best transfer-paper for this purpose is the following: mix 3 parts of shoemakers' paste (without alum) with 1 part of best ground plaster of Paris, a little dissolved patent glue, and some tepid water; strain the mixture through double muslin in a common jar, and, when cooled, spread it with a large, flat camel-hair brush over half-sized thickish paper. The ink for taking transfers is a composition of two table-spoonfuls of printing varnish, 14 parts of tallow, 3 brown hard soap, 4 brown wax, 5 shellac, 5 black pitch, and 24 parts of powered lampblack. The various ingredients are melted for 25 minutes, and set fire to the mass for other 15 minutes; afterwards formed in sticks. When the impressions have been made on this coated paper with this transfer-ink, the transfer is accomplished on the stone as already described. With regard to engraving and etching on stone, photo-lithography, the application of electrotyping to lithography, the working of the ruling-machine for skies and ornaments, the lithographic steam-press, etc., we must refer the reader to special works on lithography; and see under PHOTOGRAPHY. It may not be out of place to mention that in the field of lithography Germany occupies the first place for careful execution, France for rich and artistic effect, Britain for transferring, tint-printing, and chromo-printing. Strixner, Hohe, Hanfstängl, Piloty, Loehle, Locillot, Auer, Leon Noel, Mouilleron, Engelmann, Sabatier, Calame, Lasalle, Haghe, Ghémar, Hullmandel, Day, Hanhart, Brooks, Lemercier, may be mentioned, from among many others, who have helped to perfect lithography. LITHOL'OGY (lithos, a stone) is that division of geology which considers the constitution and structure of rocks, apart from their relations in time or position to each other. See GEOLOGY. LITH OMARGE, an earthy mineral, sometimes called mountain marrow (Ger. Steinmark), consisting chiefly of silica and alumina, with oxide of iron and various coloring substances. It is soft, greasy to the touch, and adheres strongly to the tongue. It is generally white, yellow, or red, often exhibiting very beautiful colors. It is found in Germany, Russia, etc., also in the tin-mines of Redruth in Cornwall. LITHONTRIP'TICS (from the Greek words lithos, a stone, and tribo, I wear out) is the term which is applied to those remedies which, whether taken by the mouth or injected into the bladder, act as solvents for the stone. Various medicines have at different times been recommended and employed as solvents for the stone. Rather more than a century ago, limewater and soap, when swallowed in sufficient quantities, had a high reputation as solvents for urinary_calculi. These were the only active ingredients in Miss Stephens's Receipt for the Stone and Gravel, which was reported on so favorably by a committee of professional men that parliament, in 1739, purchased the secret for £5,000. The treatment doubtless afforded relief; but there is no evidence that any calculus was actually dissolved, for in the bladder of each of the four persons whose cure was certified in the report the stone was found after death. At present no substance which, taken by the mouth, has the power of dissolving calculi is known; but as Dr. Prout remarks in his well-known treatise, On the Nature and Treatment of Stomach and Urinary Diseases, remedies of this class are to be sought "among harmless and unirritating compounds the elements of which are so associated as to act at the same time, with respect to calculous ingredients, both as alkalies and acids." Solutions of the supercarbonated alkalies containing a great excess of carbonic acid-as, for example, the natural mineral waters of Vichy-approach most nearly to what is required. The relief which, in many instances, has followed the administration |