ELIZABETH.

ELIZABETH PETROVNA-ELIZABETH STUART.

Conrad of Marburg, a narrow fanatical monk (to whose miserable teaching E. mainly owed her perverted idea of life and duty), had trained her to stifle the emotions of her nature as sinful, and the poor widow hardly dared to bewail her loss. Great misfortunes soon befell her. She was deprived of her regency by the brother of her deceased husband, and driven out of her dominions on the plea that she wasted the treasures of the state by her charities. The inhabitants of Marburg, whose miseries she had frequently relieved, refused her an asylum, for fear of the new regent. At last she found refuge in a church, where her first duty was to thank God that he had judged her worthy to suffer. Subsequently, after other severe privations, such as being forced to take up her abode in the stable of a hostelry, she was received into the monastery of Kitzingen by the abbess, who was her aunt. When the warriors who had attended her husband in the crusade returned from the East, she gathered them round her, and recounted her sufferings. Steps were taken to restore to the unfortunate princess her sovereign rights. She declined the regency, however, and would only accept the revenues which accrued to her as landgravine. The remainder of her days were devoted to incessant devotions, almsgivings, mortifications, &c. There is something mournfully sublime in her unnatural self-sacrifice. We shudder even in our sympathy when we read of this beautiful tender-hearted creature washing the head and the feet of the scrofulous and the leprous. Murillo has a painting (now in the Museum at Madrid) of this act of evangelical devotion. The solemn tragedy of her brief life assumed towards its close a ghastly intensity through the conduct of her confessor, Conrad, who, under pretence of spiritual chastisement, used to strike and maltreat her with brutal severity. The alleged cause of this was Conrad's aversion to her *squandering' her money among the poor. Perhaps he thought it should have gone to him. At last her health gave way; and on the 19th November 1231, at the age of 24, E. died, the victim partly of illusage and partly of a mistaken theory of religious life, but as gentle and saintly a soul as figures in the history of the middle ages. She was canonised four years after her death. See Montalembert's Histoire de Sainte Elisabeth de Hongrie (Paris, 1836). The Rev. Charles Kingsley's dramatic poem, entitled The Saint's Tragedy (London, 1848), is founded on the story of E.'s life.

councillor. E., however, did not possess the qualities requisite in a ruler. She wanted energy, knowledge, and love of business, and allowed herself to be guided by favourites. In order to strengthen her position, E. took pains to win over her nephew, the young prince Peter, the son of her sister, the Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp. She summoned him to Petersburg in the year 1742, and proclaimed him her successor. E. took part in the Austrian War of Succession, and in spite of the opposition of France, despatched an army of 37,000 men to the assistance of Maria Theresa, and thereby hastened the conclusion of the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. E. shewed herself less placable towards Frederick II., against whom she cherished a personal enmity, excited by some severe expressions he had employed respecting her. At the commencement of the Seven Years' War, she allied herself with Austria and France, and marched her troops into the Prussian states. Her troops gained the victory in the battles of Grossjägerndorf and Kunersdorf, and took possession of Berlin, but without any decisive result. E. died before the expiration of the war, 5th January 1762. She founded the university of Moscow and the Academy of Art at St Petersburg. Though no person was put to death during her reign, the most shocking punishments were inflicted, and thousands were exiled to Siberia and Kamtchatka. E. had several illegitimate children. Profligacy, espionage, and persecution reigned in her court, the administration of justice was restrained, and the finances neglected; but E. was nevertheless extremely strict in the observance of the public ordinances of religion.

ELIZABETH STUART, Queen of Bohemia, remarkable not only as a heroine, but as forming the connecting link between the ancient royal families of England and Scotland and the present reigning dynasty, was born in the palace of Falkland (q. v.) on the 19th of August 1596. On the accession of her father, James VI. of Scotland, to the crown which fell to him by the demise of Queen Elizabeth, in 1603, she accompanied the family to England, where she was educated. On the 14th of February 1613, E. was married to Frederick, ElectorPalatine, whom she soon after accompanied to his residence, the castle of Heidelberg (q. v.); see also PALATINATE. When the Protestant princes of Germany sought for a fitting person to fill the throne of Bohemia, they made choice of Frederick, who accepted the perilous honour, partly, perhaps, ELIZABETH PETROVNA, Empress of Russia, from the ambition of his wife, who is alleged to have daughter of Peter the Great and Catharine I., was longed for the title of queen. The Palatine removed born in the year 1709. On the death of Peter II. with E. and three children to Prague, which they in 1730, she allowed Anna, Duchess of Courland, entered, October 21, 1619. Frederick and E. occuto ascend the throne, she herself being apparently pied the throne of Bohemia only about a year. By indifferent to anything but the indulgence of her the forces of the Catholic League, the army of passions. Anna died in 1740, and Ivan, the son of Frederick was routed at the battle of Prague, her niece (also called Anna), an infant of two November 8, 1620, and the royal family fled into months, was declared emperor, and his mother exile, for already the Palatinate was laid waste. regent during his minority. Shortly after this, a With her husband and children, and a few faithful plot was formed to place E. upon the throne; the attendants, E. took up her residence at the Hague, two principal agents in it were Lestocq, a surgeon, and ever afterwards the family lived in a state of and the Marquis de la Chetardie, the French dependence. E. was the mother of thirteen chilambassador. The officers of the army were soon dren, the eldest of whom was accidentally drowned won over; and on the night of the 5th December in Holland, and three others died young. The next 1741, the regent and her husband were taken into were Charles-Louis and Rupert, and, following in custody, and the child Ivan conveyed to Schlüssel- order, were Elizabeth, Maurice, Edward, Philip, burg. The leading adherents of Anna were con- Louisa, Henrietta-Maria, and Sophia. From this demned to death, but pardoned on the scaffold, and numerous offspring, E. derived little comfort in her exiled to Siberia. By eight o'clock in the morning, misfortunes. Charles-Louis was a selfish, calculatthe revolution was completed, and in the afternoon ing person, with low, disreputable habits. Rupert all the troops did homage to the new empress. (q. v.), the mad cavalier,' and his brother, Maurice, La Chetardie was handsomely rewarded; and fought in England during the civil war, and, after Lestocq was created first physician to the empress, the loss of the royalist cause at the battle of President of the College of Medicine, and privy | Naseby, they betook themselves to the sea, and for

ELIZABETHAN ARCHITECTURE-ELK.

some time were little better than pirates. Edward, in 1645, abjured Protestantism, and was admitted into the Roman Catholic Church. Philip committed an assassination at the Hague, fled from justice, became a soldier of fortune in France, and was slain in the civil wars. Elizabeth accepted the office of superior of the Lutheran abbey of Hervorden, Henrietta-Maria was espoused by Ragotzi, Prince of Transylvania, but died shortly after her marriage. Louisa fled to France, and died as abbess of Maubisson. Previous to these events, E. became a widow by the death of Frederick, February 17, 1629, when his right to the Palatinate devolved on Charles-Louis, who, by the treaty of Westphalia, was restored to the family inheritance, October 24, 1648. This favourable turn of affairs did not mend the fortunes of E., who was scandalously neglected by her son, the young Elector-Palatine; and all he would do for the family was to give a shelter to his youngest sister Sophia, until she was married to Ernest-Augustus, a scion of the House of Brunswick, who ultimately succeeded to the electorate of Hanover.

Deprived, in one way or other, of all her children, the Queen of Bohemia-by which title she continued to be known-resolved to quit Holland. Relieved of her debts by the sale of jewels, and by aid of a pecuniary subsidy from the British parliament, she embraced an invitation from her nephew, Charles II., to come to England. She arrived May 17, 1661. From this time she was in a great measure indebted to the hospitality of Lord Craven, in a mansion which he had purchased from Sir Robert Drury, in Drury Lane, London. Charles II. paid her little attention; but at her death, which occurred February 13, 1662, he caused her remains to be interred in Westminster Abbey. Charles-Louis, her son, died in 1680, leaving a son, who died without issue, and the Palatinate then went to a distant branch of the family; he left also a daughter, Charlotte-Elizabeth, who, in 1671, had married Philip, Duke of Orleans, only brother of Louis XIV. In 1674, she gave birth to a prince, who became the noted Regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. She died at St Cloud in 1722. The late Louis-Philippe, king of the French, was her lineal descendant. When, in 1708, the question of succession to the crown of Great Britain was debated, it was found that all the descendants of James I. were either dead or were Roman Catholics, except Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and her family. By act of parliament, that year, the crown was accordingly secured to her and her descendants, being Protestants; and in virtue of this act of settlement, on the death of Queen Anne, Sophia would have ascended the throne, but she predeceased the queen three months, and her son became sovereign of these realms as George I., August 12, 1714. In this extraordinary and unforeseen manner did a grandson of the unfortunate queen of Bohemia become king of England, and originate the dynasty of the reigning monarch. The Memoirs of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, by Miss Benger, 2 vols., may be perused as an accurate and pleasing piece of biography.

enormous square windows, are the leading characteristics of this manner of building. The ornaments both within and without were cumbrous; nothing could exceed the heaviness of the cornices and ceil ings wrought into compartments; in short, the architecture was just in keeping with the dress of the period, rich and gorgeous, rather than elegant, graceful, and comfortable. The following examples of mansions of the 17th c. may be still seen near London: Holland House, Campden House; and the following in Kent: Sir T. Willow's at Charlton, the Marquis of Salisbury's at Hatfield, and Knowle, the property of the Duke of Dorset. The most eminent architects of those times were John Thorpe, Gerard Christmas, Rodolph Symonds, and Thomas Holt.

ELIZABETO'POL, a town of Russian Transcaucasia, is situated in lat. 40° 42′ N., long. 46° 20′ E. The town consists of three parts, one of which is fortified with a bastioned wall. Its principal buildings are its churches and mosques, of which there are many. A peculiarity of this town is its numerous fruit-gardens or vineyards. Horticulture, the rearing of silk-worms, bees, and cattle, with agriculture and mining, are the chief occupations of the inhabitants. Pop. (1855) 12,966, principally Tartars and Armenians.

ELK, MOOSE, or MOOSE DEER (Alces Malchis, or Cervus alces), the largest existing species of the Cervida, or deer family, is a native of the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. When full grown, it is about six feet in height at the shoulders, and sometimes weighs 1200 pounds. The body is round, compact, and short; the neck is short and thick, unlike that of deer in general, but thus adapted for sustaining the great weight of the ELIZABETHAN ARCHITECTURE, a term head and horns. The head is very large, narrow, applied to the mixed style which sprang up on about two feet long. The horns in males of the the decline of Gothic architecture. By some it second year are unbranched, not flattened, and about is called the Tudor style, but that name belongs a foot long; as the animal becomes older, they more correctly to the Perpendicular, or latest kind begin to display a blade, with more numerous snags, of Gothic. The Elizabethan is chiefly exemplified and in mature elks the blade becomes very broad, by mansions erected for the nobility in the reigns of the snags sometimes fourteen on each horn; a single Elizabeth and James I., and originated in the first antler has been known to weigh about sixty pounds. attempt to revive classic architecture, influenced, no The horns have no basal snag projecting forwards. doubt, by Holbein, who was patronised by Henry The ears are long, and have been compared to those VIII., and furnished several designs in this manner. of the ass. The eyes are small. The limbs are long, John of Padua succeeded him, and built in the ❘ and very graceful. The tail is only about four inches

ELK-ELLENBOROUGH.

long. The body is covered with coarse angular shell marl underlying the extensive turbaries. In hair, which breaks when it is bent. On the neck England, lacustrine deposits and brick-clay contain and withers there is a heavy mane, and the throat its remains, and, associated with the mammoth and is covered with long hair. A large goitre-like rhinoceros, they are found also in ossiferous caves. swelling under the throat of the younger elks has a very curious appearance. The hoofs of the E., like those of the reindeer and of the buffalo, are so constructed as to part widely, and to afford a better

Fossil Elk.

The most striking feature in this animal was its enormous antlers. A straight line drawn between their extreme tips in one specimen measured ten that of any living species of deer. The beam enlarges feet ten inches. The form of the antler differs from and flattens into a palm; a brow snag exists as in cates and expands somewhat as in the reindeer the fallow-deer, but in adult specimens, this bifur

group. The antler is also furnished with a back snag. Some idea of the enormous size and weight of the antlers may be formed from the fact that, in a specimen where the head weighed 5 pounds, their of the neck and the limbs are very much larger and weight was 81 pounds. To sustain this, the vertebræ stronger than in any other deer. A fine and almost perfect specimen of this animal, from the Isle of Man, exists in the Edinburgh Museum.

footing on soft marshy ground or on snow: they make a clattering when it runs. In running, it carries its muzzle forward, with the horns thrown back upon the neck, so that they may not be caught by branches. Its shoulders being higher than the croup, its common gait is a shambling trot; but ita peculiarity never observed in the fallow-deer can also gallop with great rapidity. The colour of the elk is brownish black, darker in winter than in summer; the limbs, the sides of the head, and the mane are of a lighter colour than the body. Elks are sometimes seen in small herds, but often singly; they are now very rare in Europe, and are no longer found in parts of North America in which they were once common. They formerly extended as far south as the Ohio. They are sometimes seen even on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. They delight in marshy districts and in forests. When compelled to eat grass, they must get down on their knees to reach it: their proper food consists of the branches and foliage of shrubs and trees. They are very timid and inoffensive, except during the rutting season. A single stroke of an elk's fore-foot is sufficient to kill the strongest dog. It is also an extremely wary animal, and is with the greatest difficulty approached by the hunter. Its sense of smell is very acute, and the slightest sound excites its alarm. It is, however, much sought after in North America. In Sweden, its destruction is prohibited; and in Norway is placed under legal restrictions. The flesh of the elk is esteemed a good kind of venison; the fat is remarkably soft; the nose and the tongue are reckoned delicacies. The skin is used for a variety of purposes.

The elk is easily domesticated, and was at one time employed in Sweden for conveying couriers, being capable of travelling more than 200 miles in a day when attached to a sledge.

The elk of Ceylon is a deer of the group to which the name Rusa has been given.

ELK, IRISH (Megaceros Hibernicus), a large deer found in the Pleistocene strata. There is a double error in its popular name, for it is a true deer, between the fallow and rein deer, and though abundant in Ireland, it is not peculiar to that country, being found also in England, Scotland, and on the continent of Europe. In Ireland, it occurs in the

EL-KHA'RGEH, capital of the Great' Oasis, Upper Egypt, is situated in lat. 25° 28' N., long. 30° 40 E. In the vicinity of the town are numerous ruins, among which are those of a temple; there is also a remarkable necropolis. Pop. 6000.

ELL (allied to elbow, Ger. ellenbogen, Lat. ulna, the fore-arm or arm in general) is a measure of length now little used. It was originally taken in some vague way from the arm, and hence has been used to denote very different lengths. The Latin ulna appears to have denoted sometimes the measure from the elbow to the tips of the fingers, sometimes that between the outstretched hands. The English ell, as a measure of cloth, is equal to five quarters of a Yard (q. v.).

E'LLENBOROUGH, EARL OF. Edward Law, first Earl of E., son of the first baron (many years Chief-justice of the King's Bench), was born 1790; educated at Eton and at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A., 1809; succeeded his father in the barony in 1818; was Lord Privy Seal in the Duke of Wellington's administration, 18281829; President of the Board of Control during the short-lived Peel administration of 1834-1835; and appointed, on the return of Sir Robert Peel in September 1841, to the same office, which he relinquished a month afterwards for the post of Governor-general of India. He received the thanks of parliament in 1843 for his ability and judgment' in supporting the military operations in Afghanistan. In many other respects, his Indian administration

ELLENRIEDER-ELLIPSE.