EMBLICA-EMBRASURES. till the expiry of the current year. But if a term be the die-cylinder. A third smooth metal roller is brought to an end by the act of the tenant, he is not commonly used to press out again the impression entitled to emblements. Thus, a tenant for life who made upon the bed-cylinder; this acts upon the commits forfeiture, or a widow entitled to dower bed-cylinder on the side from which the fabric -who, as regards dower-lands, is considered tenant emerges. Paper is sometimes embossed in this for life-marrying again, are not entitled to emble- manner; and the flatting roller may be dispensed ments. On the death of a tenant, the executor, and with if the cylinders are sufficiently accurate in not the heir, is entitled to the emblements. By their diameters for the pattern always to fall on 11 Geo. II. c. 19, emblements may be distrained for the same place at each successive revolution. rent, and by common law they may be taken in Leather embossed in high relief has been used execution. The right of life-renters in Scotland to for ornamental purposes in place of wood-carving reap the growing crop is somewhat similar to the on picture-frames, cabinet-work, &c. The dies are English right to emblements. See LIFE-RENTER, of type-metal or electro-deposits, and the leather is E'MBLICA, a genus of plants of the natural contracts and thickens, then it is pressed into the softened or fulled, i. e., worked with water till it order Euphorbiacea, having a fleshy fruit. E. officinalis is a tree found in most parts of India, tools, made of wood, bone, or copper. When dry, dies by suitable round pointed tools, like modelling with a crooked stem, thinly scattered spreading the leather is removed from the moulds, and by branches, long narrow leaves, minute greenish its elasticity and shrinking it will relieve from flowers, and a globular fruit about the size of a gall-nut. The fruit is very acid, and somewhat astringent, which qualities it retains when dry and shrivelled. It is used in India as a deobstruent and febrifuge, also for tanning leather, and making ink, and is generally called Emblic Myrobalans. EMBO'SSING, the art of producing raised figures upon various substances, such as paper, leather, wood, metals, &c. This is usually effected by pressing the substance into a die, the kind of die and mode of applying the pressure being modified according to the nature of the design and the properties of the substance to be embossed. Sheetmetal is embossed by stamping it between a pair of steel dies, one in relief, the other in intaglio. See DIE-SINKING. When the pattern is a deep one, several pair of dies are used, and several blows given with each, the metal being occasionally annealed. The first stamping produces a crude resemblance to the final design, of moderate depth; successive stampings bringing up more of the details, and giving increased depth. The upper die is usually raised by a rope attached over a pulley to a stirrup, in which the workman places his foot; he draws his foot down to raise the heavy die to the required height, and then suddenly releases the pressure of his foot from the stirrup, when the die descends by its own weight. While thus raising the die with his foot, he adjusts the work in its place with his hands. Smaller work is embossed with a screw-press, the lever of which is turned with one hand, while the work is placed under the dies and removed by the other. Paper and card are embossed in a similar manner, but the dies are frequently of brass, sometimes of copper electro-deposits, suitably backed. The counter-die is commonly made of soft metal, card or mill board, pressed into the metal intaglio die until a sharp impression is produced. The paper or card is well damped, and a fly-press is generally used. The leather or cloth for book binding is embossed in this manner, the counter-die being usually made by gluing several pieces of millboard together, and gluing them to the upper bed of the press, then stamping these into the lower die until a perfect impression is obtained. The embossing press designed and constructed by Mr Edwin Hill, for impressing the medallion upon postage envelopes, is a very elaborate and beautiful machine, which inks the die itself, and with the aid of two boys, to place and remove the envelopes, embosses sixty envelopes in a minute. When large surfaces of textile fabrics, such as table-covers, &c., have to be embossed, the fabric is compressed between rollers, one being of metal, upon which the device is sunk like a die; the counter-roller or bedcylinder is of paper covered with felt; this yields sufficiently to allow the fabric to be pressed into very deep and undercut designs.-Mr Straker's mode of embossing wood differs from all the above, and is very curious and ingenious. When ment, the surface yields, and a depression of wood is pressed and rubbed with a blunt instrusome depth may be made in it; if the wood be now soaked in water, the depressed portion will rise again to its original level. Mr Straker takes advantage of this property thus. He rubs down the surface in those parts that are to be finally in relief, he then planes or shaves away the uncompressed portions until the bottom of the depressions are reached and made level with the new surface; the wood is then soaked; the compressed parts rise to their original level, and, of course, in doing so, rise above the portions that have been planed away, and present the required device in relief. EMBOUCHURE (Fr.), that part of a wind instrument to which the lips are applied to produce the sound. The term EMBOUCHURE is also applied to the mouth of a river. which is bent like a bow. The illustration repreEMBOW'ED, the heraldic term for anything sents a sinister arm couped at the shoulder, embowed. When the arm is turned the reverse way, it is said to be counter-embowed. EMBRA CERY, in the law of England, the offence of influencing jurors by corrupt means to deliver a partial verdict. This offence is a species of Maintenance (q. v.). The giving of money to be distributed amongst jurors is embracery, though the money be not actually distributed. Not only persons attempting to influence the jury, but jurors themselves attempting unduly to bias the minds of their fellows, are guilty of embracery. The using indirect means in order to be sworn on a jury, is also embracery. This offence is punishable by various old statutes. At present, the crime is punishable by 6 Geo. IV. c. 50, which enacts, that every person guilty of embracery, and the jury consenting thereto, shall be punished by fine and imprisonment. EMBRA'SURES, in Fortification, are openings in the parapets, flanks of bastions, and other parts of the defence-works, through which cannon are EMBROCATION-EMBROIDERY. pointed. The siege-batteries of the enemy have also embrasures. Their use is, to shield as much as possible the guns, gun-carriages, gunners, and interior of the place, and yet leave spaces for the free firing of the guns. Each opening slopes outwards, so as to give a greater sweep to the gun's action. EMBROCATION (Gr. em, into, and brecho, I wet), the same as Liniment (q. v.). EMBROIDERY, the art of producing ornamental needlework-patterns upon fabrics of any kind. This art is coeval with the earliest and rudest manufacture of hair and woollen fabrics. It was one of the most important of the early arts in Oriental countries, where it is still practised with great skill and diligence. It is common among most savage tribes that wear any kind of clothing. The blanket-wrapper of the Red Indian is commonly ornamented with embroidery; the Laplander embroiders upon the reindeer skin that forms his clothes patterns worked with needles of reindeer bone, and thread of reindeer sinews and strips of hide. It is practised as a domestic art in our own country by all classes, from the princess down to the pauper school-girl, and is carried on in large manufactories by very elaborate machinery. The Chinese are perhaps the most laborious and elaborate hand-embroiderers of modern times; their best work is upon silk. The figures are either in coloured silk alone, or in silk combined with gold and silver thread; the figures of men, horses, dragons, &c., being outlined with gold cord, and filled up coloured and shaded with silk. The Persians, Turks, and Hindus also still excel in embroidery; they use, besides silk and gold and silver thread, beads, spangles, pearls, and precious stones. The dressslippers of Turkish women of all ranks are elaborately embroidered, usually with a precious stone or a glass bead in the middle of the toe-part of the slipper, and a radiating pattern in gold, silver, or brass wire and silk surrounding it. The Turkey carpet is a sort of embroidered fabric. See CARPET MANUFACTURE. Some of the Oriental and Indian embroiderers include in their work a great variety of materials besides those above mentioned; feathers are largely and very tastefully used; the skins of insects; the nails, claws, and teeth of various animals; nuts, pieces of fir, skins of serpents, &c., are among these. Coins, which are so commonly used as ornaments for the hair of unmarried women in the East, are sometimes also worked into their dresses with the embroidery. This is especially the case with the Turks and Georgians. The Indian women embroider with their own hair and that of animals. Tapestry is a kind of embroidery, formerly done with the needle, but now chiefly with the shuttle. This kind of work is, in fact, intermediate between embroidery and weaving, and it is somewhat difficult to determine under which it should be classed, but in accordance with the definition given above, we shall only include needlework under embroidery, and tapestry will be separately treated. For hand-embroidery, the fabric is usually stretched upon a frame, and the design to be worked is drawn upon it, or some other contrivance is used to guide the worker. If the fabric is sufficiently thin and open, a coloured drawing or engraving may be placed behind the work, and followed with the needle. A sheet of thin transparent paper, with lines upon it corresponding to the threads of the canvas to be worked upon, is sometimes used; this is secured by gum or wax to the drawing; and the design is copied by observing the number of small squares occupied by each colour, and filling in the corresponding meshes of the canvas. Berlin-work, which is a kind of embroidery, is done in a similar manner, the pattern being an engraving on which the lines corresponding to the thread are printed, and the meshes filled up with the required colours, painted from the original design of the artist. The name in by hand by women and children, who copy it has been given from the fact, that the best patterns have, since 1810, been published by Wittich, a printseller of Berlin. In France, pricked patterns are sometimes used, one for each colour, and coloured powders are dusted through the holes upon the fabric to be worked. All these devices render the art of embroidery a mere mechanical operation, requiring no further artistic skill or taste than is exercised in knitting stockings; but when the embroidress draws the design in outline upon the fabric, and works in the colours with her needle under the guidance of her own taste, embroidery becomes an art that might rank with water-colour drawing or oil-painting; and it is to be regretted that so much time should be devoted by ladies to the mechanical, and so little effort made in the direction of truly artistic embroidery. Muslin-embroidery has been very fashionable of late. This is purely mechanical work. The muslin is printed with a pattern made up of holes of different dimensions; these are cut or punched out, and their edges sewn up with a button-hole stitch.' This kind of work is much used as trimming for ladies' clothing, for collars, and children's clothes. Machine-embroidery has been practised with considerable success during the last quarter century. A machine was exhibited in the French Industrial Exhibition of 1854, by M. Heilmann of Mulhausen, by which one person could guide from 80 to 140 needles, all working at the same time, and producing so many repetitions of the same design. Although the details of the construction of this machine are rather complex, the principle of its action may be easily understood. The needles have their eyes in the middle, and are pointed at each end, so that they may pass through from one side of the work to the other without being turned. Each needle is worked by two pair of artificial fingers or pincers, one on each side of the work; they grasp and push the needle through from one side to the other. A carriage or frame connected with each series of fingers does the work of the arm, by carrying the fingers to a distance corresponding to the whole length of the thread, as soon as the needle has passed completely through the work. The frame then returns to exactly its original place, and the needles are again passed through to the opposite set of fingers, which act in like manner. If the work were to remain stationary, the needles would thus pass merely backwards and forwards through the same hole, and make no stitch; but by moving the work as this action proceeds, stitches will be made, their length and direction varying with the velocity and the direction in which the work moves. If 140 needles were working, and the fabric were moved in a straight line, 140 rows of stitching would be made; if the work made a circular movement, 140 circles would be embroidered; and so on. In order, then, to produce repetitions of any given design, it is only necessary to move the fabric in directions corresponding to the lines of the design. This is done by connecting the frame on which the work is fixed to an apparatus similar to a common pantagraph, or instrument so constructed that one end repeats on a smaller scale exactly the movements which are given to the other. See PANTAGRAPH. EMBRUN-EMERALD. The free end of this is moved over an enlarged copy of the design, the movement being a succession of steps, made after each set of needles has passed through; and thus the work is moved into the position required to receive the next stitch of the pattern. This machine was subsequently patented in England, and many improvements have been made upon its details, but the principle of its construction remains the same. Although it is possible to embroider any design with such machines, there are only certain designs that can be worked economically; for to do this, the patterns must be so designed as to consume each needleful of silk without waste. The length of Bilk required for each colour can be calculated with extreme accuracy, and the designer is usually limited by this requirement. A greater range is, however, obtainable by dyeing the same thread of silk in different colours, the length of each colour corresponding to what is required for producing the pattern; but a large demand for each pattern is required to render this profitable. EMBRUN, a town of France, in the department of Hautes Alpes, is situated on a platform of rock in the midst of a plain, on the right bank of the Durance, 20 miles east of Gap. Seen from a distance, the town has an imposing appearance. The streets of E. are narrow, dirty, and irregular. It is surrounded by loopholed ramparts and ditches, and strengthened by bastions. The principal buildings are the cathedral, a Gothic edifice, surmounted by a lofty Romanesque tower, and the barrack, formerly the archbishop's palace. E. manufactures broadcloth, counterpanes, hats, cotton-yarn, and leather. Pop. 4736. E. occupies the site of the ancient Ebrodunum, capital of the Caturiges, and an important Roman station. The line of its archbishops can, it is said, be traced to the time of Constantine. In modern times E. has been thrice destroyed by fire: by the Moors in 966, during the religious wars in 1573, and by the Duke of Savoy in 1692. E'MBRYO (Gr.), an organised being in a rudimentary condition, or the rudiment from which, under favourable circumstances, an organised body is to be developed. In botany, the term embryo is applied to the germ formed within the ovule on fertilisation, and which increases to become the principal part of the seed. The albumen or perisperm of the seed, being regarded as a mere store of nourishment for the embryo, is not accounted part of the embryo; the cotyledons, however-although a large store of nourishment is often laid up in them -are considered as essentially belonging to it, along with the plumule, the radicle, and the connecting parts. As to animals, the term embryo is used as equivalent with fœtus, and as designating the rudimentary animal from the moment of impregnation until the egg is hatched; but although this takes place at very different stages of development in different kinds of animals, and consequent metamorphoses are undergone by some before they reach their perfect state, the term embryo is not applied to the larve and pupa of insects, or to the analogous states of other classes of animals. Eggs contain, along with the embryo, a store of nourishment for it in the earlier stages of its development. See REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, EGG, FŒTUS, OVULE, SEED, and SPORE. EMBRYOLOGY. See DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO. EMBRYO'TOMY, a division of the fœtus into fragments, to extract it by piecemeal, when the narrowness of the pelvis or other faulty conforma- E'MDEN, a fortified town of Hanover, in the being obliged to unload in the roadstead of Delf, at E'MERALD (Sp. esmeralda, Fr. émeraude, Ger. It appears not improbable that emeralds have שח EMERSION EMERY. been found in the East, in localities not at present mental faculty of his reader, but it does not satisfy known, but the name E. or ORIENTAL E. is often or settle any question conclusively. Hence his given to a very rare, beautiful, and precious green variety of SAPPHIRE (q. v.). E. COPPER is a beautiful and very rare E. green crystallised mineral, also called DIOPTASE, found only in the Kirghis Steppe, and composed of about 39 parts silica, 50 protoxide of copper, and 11 water. EMERSION, the reappearance of one heavenly body from behind another, after an eclipse or occultation. The immersions and emersions of Jupiter's first satellite are particularly useful for finding the longitude of places. Minutes or scruples of emersion are the arc of the moon's orbit passed over by her centre, from the time she begins to emerge from the earth's shadow to the end of the eclipse. Some speculations on religion, philosophy, literature, and life, though stimulating to the young, are coldly regarded by men of mature and sage understanding, E. has nowhere formally defined the fundamental basis of his speculation. He appears to be what is called a Pantheist, at least he rejects entirely that kind of Theism which separates God from nature, and which looks upon him as simply a living Spiritual Personality. He will not recognise a God who is not one with the blowing clover and the falling rain.' In regard to man and his destinies, he entertains exalted hopes; but religion is not in his eyes a divinely revealed (in the ordinary sense) or infallible thing; all creeds are merely 'the necessary and structural action of the human mind' in the EMERSON, RALPH WALDO, the most celebrated course of its historical progress. Man made them of American philosophers, was born at Boston, all (Christianity included), and he believes, that United States, May 25, 1803, entered Harvard from the inexhaustible depths of our nature there University in 1817, graduated in 1821, and became will come forth in due time new and ever higher pastor of a Unitarian congregation in Boston in faiths, which will supersede those that have gone 1829. This office, however, he resigned in 1832, before. E. is often said to have derived a good on account of the gradually increasing differences deal of his thinking from Thomas Carlyle. This between his own modes of thought and those of is true, but not in any sense that can justify the his hearers. The next year he spent in England. vulgar criticism which makes him out to be a Since then, he has led a quiet, retired, meditative 'Yankee pocket-edition of Carlyle.' He is essenlife, chiefly at Concord. Among the earliest notice- tially an original and independent genius. able productions of his pen were two lectures, of his writings have been translated into French, or orations, entitled Nature and Man Thinking, and have excited considerable admiration among the delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Parisian transcendentalists. See Montégut's Essais Cambridge, United States, in 1837. În the follow-de Philosophie Américaine (1851). ing year appeared his Literary Ethics, an Oration; and in 1841, The Method of Nature, Man the Reformer, the first series of his Essays, and several lectures, &c. Three years later, he issued a second series of Essays. In 1846, he published a volume of poems. In 1849, he revisited England, to deliver a series of lectures on Representative Men. When published, they were generally reckoned the most vigorous and intelligible of all the author had then written. In 1852, in conjunction with W. H. Channing and J. F. Clarke, he published the Memoirs of Margaret Fuller (q. v.), Marchesa d'Ossoli. English Traits appeared in 1856, and the Conduct of Life in 1860. There is perhaps no living writer of note regarding whom opinions are so divided as Emerson. Some critics have not hesitated to place him among the profoundest thinkers belonging to the present age, while others, equally confident, have pronounced him to be in the main a sciolist and charlatan. Both of these opinions, but especially the latter, may be dismissed as absurd. No man who is himself sincere, will doubt the sincerity of the American philosopher. His entire 'conduct of life' would be otherwise inex- It is prepared for use by first breaking it into plicable. It is true, however, that the subtlety of lumps about the size of a hen's egg, then crushing his intellect, which is far more wonderful than either these to powder by stampers. It is then sifted to its breadth or depth, often deceives him by the various degrees of fineness, which are numbered facility with which it discovers divine meanings according to the meshes of the sieve. Plate-glass in nature and the human soul. E. never pauses manufacturers and others separate E. powder into to harmonise his thoughts and convictions; and, it different degrees of fineness by the method of must be admitted, has rather a theatrical penchant elutriation (q. v.). A number of copper cylinders for paradox. He knows that an idea is more of graduated capacities are placed in a row, and forcible and attractive, and can be clothed in more filled with water; the E., churned up with an brilliant and picturesque phraseology when it is abundance of water, is admitted by a pipe into not qualified, and, as it were, dragged down from the smallest, it then passes to the next in size, its elevation by the influence of other ideas. He and finally flows from the largest; and thus, as loves to watch the play of thought, and to dream a given quantity of water with E. suspended and muse about it, borne up on the wing of a pure and delicate imagination, rather than to weigh its significance, or to build it up into an 'intellectual system' or a creed. E. thus belongs to the class of minds which are intuitional rather than reflective, and subtle rather than sagacious. His thinking charms, animates, and vividly excites the E'MERY (Fr. émeril, Ger. schmergel, Gr. smiris; allied to smear), a variety of Corundum (q. v.), or of the same mineral species of which corundum and sapphire (with oriental ruby, &c.) are also varieties. It agrees with them very perfectly in composition, hardness, and specific gravity; but is dull, opaque, and not crystallised, sometimes of a grayish black, and sometimes of a blue colour. It occurs both massive and disseminated. Its masses, although very compact, have a somewhat granular structure. It is found in several parts of Europe, in Asia Minor, Greenland, &c., generally in masses scattered through aqueous deposits, but in one locality in Saxony in beds of steatite in a schistose rock. The E. of commerce is chiefly obtained from the island of Naxos. Being very hard, it is much used for grinding glass and polishing metals and other hard substances. It is found in lumps, having a granular structure. It is composed of alumina, oxide of iron, and silica, with a little lime, in proportions varying considerably with different specimens. The following may be taken as an average: alumina, 82; oxide of iron, 10; silica, 6; lime, 11. in it, passes in equal times through vessels of varying capacities, the amount of agitation will obviously be greatest in the smallest vessel, least in the largest, and in like proportion with the intermediate; the largest particles, therefore, sink in the smaller vessel, and so on till only the very finest will reach the largest vessel. In this EMESA-EMIGRATION. manner, any number of gradations of fineness may be obtained, according to the number and sizes of the vessels. Elutriation in oil or gum-water is sometimes used on a smaller scale, the E. being stirred up in the liquid, and portions poured off at different intervals of time, the finest being, of course, the last to settle. The use of the oil or gum is to make the subsidence take place more slowly. in wine; squill, lobelia, and, generally speaking, the whole class of expectorants and irritants; the latter of which, however, with the exception of sulphate of zinc, and perhaps mustard and water, form a dangerous kind of emetics, which should never be administered when the milder kinds can be procured. EMETINE. See IPECACUANHA. E. thus prepared is used for a great many impor- EMIGRATION is the passing from one part of tant purposes in the arts. Being next in hardness the world to another for the purpose of permanently to diamond-dust and crystalline corundum, the settling in it. People going thus from one district lapidary uses it for cutting and polishing many of the same state to another especially if it be a kinds of stone. Glass-stoppers of all kinds are distant part, with different habits and physical ground into their fittings with it. Plate-glass is peculiarities are sometimes said to emigrate, and ground flat by its means; it is also used in glass-in this way the term has been often applied to the cutting, and in grinding some kinds of metallic English and Scotch settlers in Ireland. In its fittings. When employed for the polishing of established signification, however, the word now metals, it has to be spread on some kind of surface refers to those who leave the state or dominions to form a sort of fine file. E. paper, E. cloth, E. in which they have heretofore lived, and in sticks, E. cake, and E. stone, are various contrivances this sense the term applies to those going to the for such purposes. colonies, though these are like the United Kingdom, under the authority of the British crown. In the country which people leave, they are called emigrants or wanderers out-in that in which they settle, they are usually called immigrants. Jacob and his family were immigrants to Egypt, and their descendants became emigrants from that country when they went to inherit the promised land. E. paper is made by sifting E. over paper which has been covered with a coating of glue. It is used either by wrapping it round a fine file, or a stick, or in the hand, according to the form of the work. See POLISHING OF METALS. E. cloth is made like E. paper, with coarse calico substituted for the paper. The E. does not adhere so well as to paper, and it is therefore not used by metal-workers, who work E. paper till smooth with wear, but is chiefly used for purposes where the hand alone is used, and paper would tear. E. sticks are used for the same purposes as E. paper wrapped round files; they are made of deal sticks shaped like files, then glued over, and dipped once or twice in a heap of emery. E. cake is a compound of bees-wax, suet, and E., melted and well worked together. It is applied to buffing wheels, &c. E. stone is a kind of earthen-ware mixed with E., formed by pressing a mixture of clay and E. into suitable moulds, and then firing, like common earthen-ware. It is moulded into wheels, laps, &c. Its hardness and cutting power are very considerable. EMESA. See HEMS, or HOMS. The Greeks were addicted to emigration, owing, it has been said, to the many political contests which drove the weaker party from home. Greek emigrants planted colonies on the borders of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, carrying them as far northward as France, where they established the city of Marseille. The Romans were great colonisers, but by conquest rather than emigration. They disliked leaving Italy; and the military and civil officers necessary to rule a colony were generally the only Romans who abode in it. These even did not, in general, settle in the colonies with their families, but were recalled after a certain period of service, the whole arrangement much resembling that for the government of British India. The migrations of the northern tribes who overran the Roman empire, are well known in history; their wanderings may be said, indeed, to have continued down to the 13th century. Those who wandered from the north into France, where they acquired great territories, became known as Normans, and were remarkable for entirely throwing off the language and manners, and even all the traditions of their original homes, and becoming the most civilised and courtly portion of the French people. But though thus changed, they still continued to wander, spreading over Britain, Sicily, and the intervening portions of Europe. EMETICS, medicines given for the purpose of producing Vomiting (q. v.). They are given when it is desirable to relieve the stomach of some noxious or indigestible substance, as a narcotic poison, or excess of food, or some special article of diet which has disagreed. Emetics are also administered in cases of fever, where the copious secretion they produce from the glands of the stomach and intestines is supposed to have a directly curative effect, aided, perhaps, by the sedative action of emetics upon the circulation and nervous system. There is a considerable amount of evidence to shew, that emetics have the power of cutting short typhus and other fevers in the earliest stage, and afterwards of making the attack of the disease less severe. In diseases of the respiratory organs, emetics are given as the quickest and safest method of removing accumulated mucus from the air-passages; and in Croup (q. v.), their action is especially favourable, being often followed by expectoration and a rapid improvement in the suffocative symptoms. Emetics are to be given with great caution, however, in all very depressed states of the system, as their primary action is to produce Nausea (q. v.), which is attended always with more or less diminution of the vital power, and often with great depression of the heart's action, amounting to syncope or fainting. The emigration fields at the present day are the The principal emetics are the preparations of anti-territory still called the United States of America, mony, zinc, and copper; ipecacuanha in powder or the British colonies in America, and the colonies in The discovery of America opened a vast new field for emigration, which was taken immediate advantage of by the Spanish and Portuguese, and later, by the British, the French, the Germans, and the Dutch. In the 17th c., many of the English Puritans, persecuted in, or discontented with, their own country, found it more congenial to their tastes to live together in a new country, where they would be free from the presence of those who did not sympathise with them, and they thus founded the New England colonies. It is singular that, in the 19th c., an attempt should be made to revive the plan of emigrating for the purpose of maintaining an exclusive church, as, for instance, in the English High Church colony of Canterbury, and the Scotch Free Church colony of Otago. |