EMIGRATION. South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. There is a great distinction to be taken between colonies fit for emigration and those dependencies of the British crown held for other purposes. India, for instance, the greatest dependency of the crown, is totally unsuited for emigration. The British people who go there, with the exception of a few merchants, go to form the civil and military staff which rules the country. They stay there no longer than they can help, and instead of living on from generation to generation, send home their children in early youth, families of British origin having a tendency to degenerate, both physically and mentally, by long residence there. It is useless for working-people to go there, as every kind of work is done in some way or other by the natives much cheaper than it could be by Europeans, and the same may be said of every colony in the hot latitudes. As a question in political economy, opinions about emigration have oscillated violently. At one time it has been prohibited, at another encouraged by all kinds of tempting offers held out to emigrants, while teachers of political economy have proclaimed that there can never be too much emigration. The conclusion to which we are coming in this, as in so many other questions in political economy is, that what is good for the individual members of a community is good for the community collectively-if people can improve their condition by emigrating, it is as well that they should emigrate; but if otherwise, they had better stay at home. It might seem unnecessary to promulgate a doctrine which every man's self-interest should teach him, but unfortunately emigration is one of the matters on which the populace have been liable to delusions which have produced great mischief. Sometimes poor workmen have crowded in where labour was superabundant and capital deficient; at others, men have taken their capital to districts where there was no employment for it, and the unnaturally high price of the necessaries of life has immediately absorbed it all. Young gentlemen, with nothing but showy accomplishments, have gone to the backwoods of America, where they could only prosper by ceaseless toil in felling and clearing. Ambitious, discontented artisans have wandered to the wide pastures of Australia, where they could only get a scanty subsistence as hut-keepers or assistant shepherds, not having skill enough to be intrusted with the charge of stock. Such mistakes have originated from people's ignorance of the fate of those who have gone before, it being generally taken for granted that the emigrant has gone away for his benefit, whereas it has often been for his ruin, and to meet an untimely death. in Australia, where it prevailed, capitalists, instead of buying land, squatted,' as it was termed, and the government had to countenance the system, by charging them a small rent or squatting licence. There was one shape, however, in which it was found necessary for the government to interferethe protection of emigrants, so far as possible, from cruelty and imposition. Conducting emigration is a trade in which a large body of men are engaged. Before he leaves his own country, the intending emigrant, through means of agents who take up that line of business, can not only be shipped for a distant port, but can contract for his removal inland to his final place of settlement, and can even contract for the purchase of a plot of ground, or for the sale of his labour. The temptations and the opportunities for imposition in contracts to be fulfilled so far away from the place where they are undertaken, is obvious, and the instances of cruelty and rapacity exhibited in the emigration trade are among the most atrocious that have ever disgraced human nature. These led to the appointment of a department of government called the Emigration Commission, and to the passing of the Passengers' Act of 1849, which regulates the build and character of the vessels which may carry emigrants to certain points, limits the number that may be conveyed, requires the sufficiency of the provisions and other stores to be certified, and provides for proper medical attendance. The British government cannot, of course, enforce obedience to their regulations in vessels belonging to citizens of the United States, after these have gone to sea; but before allowing such vessels to receive emigrants, the owners must find security in this country for the performance of their undertakings, and to a considerable extent the American government has co-operated with ours for the protection of emigrants. The greatest amount of emigration from any one country is from the United Kingdom. There is also a continual stream of emigration from Germany, which has formed several separate German com munities in the States of America, and also in the British colonies there, and in Australia. A new kind of emigration, which has come under the charge of the British authorities, is that of hill coolies from India, and of Chinese, both for the purpose of supplying free labour in the sugar-growing and other tropical colonies where Europeans cannot work with safety. A difficulty which more or less attends all kinds of emigration is peculiarly felt in this kind-viz., that of keeping the two sexes at anything near to an equality. The annual reports of the Emigration Commissioners afford a continued series of statistics on emiThe standard difficulty is the want of adjustment gration, especially from the United Kingdom. From of capital to labour. This is enhanced by the circum- the 21st of these, coming down to the end of the stance, that those who wish to emigrate are gener-year 1860, it appears that the total number who had ally persons feeling the pressure of poverty at home. The man, however, who goes to a place where there is no capital to employ him with either his own or some other person's is just in the position of a shipwrecked mariner cast on the shore. It has been justly remarked, that perfect emigration should consist of a transplantation of home-society with all its several classes and institutions, including capitalists employing labour, artisans of various kinds, members of the learned professions, teachers, and clergymen. An ingenious plan for bringing about such a distribution was called the Wakefield system of emigration, after the name of its inventor. The foundation of the plan was a high charge for land£1 per acre, the money so advanced by capitalists being employed in exporting labour. The plan failed, however, because people could get land in the United States for a quarter of the price; and even emigrated from the United Kingdom for 46 yearsviz., from 1815 inclusive-was 5,046,067. Emigration received a great impulse from the commercial crisis of 1847, and the potato disease at the same period. In 1845, the total number was 93,501; in 1846, it was 129,851; and in 1847, it reached 258,270. The largest number who emigrated in any one year was 368,764 in 1851. The smallest number in any year during the last 20 was in 1843-viz., 57,210. The former (viz., the largest number) were distributed thus: to the North American colonies, 32,873; to the United States, 244,261; to the Australian colo. nies and New Zealand, 87,881, and to other places, 3749. The other number (the smallest) were thus distributed: viz., to the North American colonies, 23,518; to the United States, 28,335; to Australia and New Zealand, 3476; and to other places, 1881. The number who emigrated in 1860 was 127,969; EMIGRATION OF PAUPERS-EMINENCE. being to the North American colonies, 9786; to the United States, 87,000; to Australia and New Zealand, 24,302; and to other places, 6881. Again, taking the parts of the empire whence they came, we find that there were-from England, 103,001; from Scotland, 3872; and from Ireland, 21,596: the returns, however, only apply to the port of embarkation, not the place where the emigrant may have been born or lived. Of the total, 71,507 were entered as male, and 55,929 as female, while of 1033, the sex was not distinguished. EMIGRATION OF PAUPERS. The manifest advantages derivable both to themselves and the community which supports them from the emigration of paupers, and more particularly of pauper children, to the colonies, have led to several legislative provisions on the subject. The object of these enactments is, on the one hand, to facilitate pauper emigration, and, on the other, to prevent it from being pressed on paupers by the guardians to the extent of interfering with their personal freedom of choice. By 4 and 5 Will. IV. c. 76, s. 62, parishes in England and Wales are empowered to raise funds by a yearly rate for defraying the expenses of poor persons willing to emigrate. The sums advanced may be recovered from any person above the age of 21, who (or whose family or any part thereof), having consented to emigrate, shall refuse to do so, or who having emigrated, shall return. 11 and 12 Vict. c. 110, empowers the guardians of a parish to promote the voluntary emigration of the poor having settlements therein, in accordance with the provisions of the statute above cited, and to charge the expenses upon the ordinary funds for the relief of the poor. By 12 and 13 Vict. c. 103, s. 20, guardians are empowered to expend a sum not exceeding £10 for each person, on the emigration of paupers having settlements in their union or parish, without a previous vestry meeting. 13 and 14 Vict. c. 101, s. 4, enacts that it shall be lawful for the guardians of any parish or union to expend money in the emigration of any poor orphan or deserted child under the age of 16 years, having no settlement, or the place of whose settlement is unknown, and to charge the expense so incurred to the same parish to which such orphan or deserted child was chargeable at the time of the emigration. The section concludes with the provision, that no emigration of any such orphan or deserted child, under any of the above-mentioned powers, shall take place until such orphan or deserted child shall have consented thereto before the justices assembled in petty sessions, and a certificate of such consent, under the hands of two of the justices present thereat, shall have been transmitted to the Poor-law Board. These statutory provisions do not apply to Scotland, and there are no corresponding clauses in the Scottish acts. The emigration of paupers in Scotland, if effected at all, must be the result of a private arrangement between the parish and the emigration commissioner, or other person willing to contract for their passage the consent of the pauper being, of course, requisite. The directors of ragged schools have frequently directed their attention to the subject, but they have invariably been withheld from trying the experiment of sending the children to the colonies, partly by the want of funds, and partly by the want of arrangements for their reception when they arrived. ÉMIGRÉS, the name given more especially to those persons who quitted France during the Revolution. After the insurrection at Paris, and the taking of the Bastile, 14th July 1789, the princes of the royal family departed from France. They were followed, after the adoption of the constitution of fiscated. 1791, by all who considered themselves aggrieved by the destruction of their privileges, or who were exposed to persecution. Nobles quitted their châteaus; officers, with whole companies, passed the frontiers. Crowds of priests and monks fled to escape the oath of allegiance to the constitution. Belgium, Piedmont, Holland, Switzerland, and, above all, Germany, were overrun with fugitives of every age. Only a few had been able to save their property; the greater portion were in a state of destitution, and sank into utter demoralisation. A court had formed itself round the princes at Coblenz; a government, with ministers and a court of justice, had been established, and communication able to the Revolution. This conduct imbittered was kept up with all the foreign courts unfavourFrance, aggravated the position of the king, and drove the revolutionary party forward in their sanguinary career. Under the command of the Prince of Condé, a body of émigrés was formed, which followed the Prussian army into Champagne. The result was that the severest laws were now put in force against the émigrés. Their lands were con support or enter into death was proclaimed Thirty thousand perexiled for ever from the soil of France, although sons were placed upon the list of émigrés, and many of them had refused to bear arms against their country. Not until after the failure of their attempt to land at Quiberon in 1795, did the France by force of arms. émigrés abandon all thoughts of penetrating into Condé's corps, after the peace of Luneville, was obliged formally to dissolve, and sought an asylum in Russia. Even under the Directory, however, many had endeavoured to obtain permission to return to France. The general fore joyfully hailed by the greater portion of the amnesty proclaimed by the First Consul was thereémigrés. Many, however, did not return home till after the downfall of Napoleon. Dignities, pensions, and offices were now showered upon these faithful adherents; but, according to the charter of 1814, they were unable to recover either their estates or their privileges. Finally, on the motion of the minister Villèle, the émigrés who had lost their landed estates, by the law of the 27th April 1825, received a compensation of 30 million francs yearly on the capital of 1000 million francs. After the July revolution, however, the grant was withtoire des Emigrés Français (3 vols., Paris, 1823), and Compare Antoine de Saint-Gervais, HisMontrol, Histoire de l'Emigration (2d edit., Paris, 1825). against any one who should The penalty of communication with them. drawn. EMILIAN (or EMILIAN) PRO'VINCES, a name now employed to designate a portion of the recently formed kingdom of Italy, comprising the northern part of the States of the Church (the Romagna), and the duchies of Parma and Modena. The name is derived from the ancient Via Emilia (a continuation of the Via Flaminia, or great northern road), which passed through these territories. The E. P. were formally annexed to Sardinia in April 1860. See ITALY. E'MINENCE, a title given to cardinals by Urban VIII. Up to the period of his pontificate, they had been called Most Illustrious and Most Reverend. The assumption by the Roman Catholic clergy of this and other ecclesiastical titles, not having reference to any pretended province, or to any pretended see or diocese,' are not struck at by the Act 14 and 15 Vict. c. 49, to prevent the assumption of certain ecclesiastical titles in respect of places in the United Kingdom. See ECCLESIASTICAL TITLES ASSUMPTION ACT. EMIR-EMOTION. ances, according as one or other predominates. Wonder, Anger, Fear, Affection, are emotions; the Acts that we perform to procure pleasurable feelings, and avoid painful, are volitions, or exercises of Will; Memory and Reasoning are processes of Thought, or Intellect. E'MIR, an Arabic word, equivalent to 'ruler,' is a title given in the East, and in the North of Africa, to all independent chieftains, and also to all the actual or supposed descendants of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima. The latter are very numerous throughout the Turkish dominions, but although entitled by birth to be classed among the Emotion is essentially a condition of the waking, first four orders of society, they enjoy no particular conscious mind. When asleep, or in a faint, or in privileges or consideration; on the contrary, they any of those states called 'being unconscious,' we are found engaged in all sorts of occupations, and have no emotion; to say that we have would be a are to be met with among beggars, and the lowest contradiction, which shews that 'emotion' is a very of the populace, as frequently as among the mollahs. wide and comprehensive word. In fact, whenever Their privileges are confined to a few unimportant we are mentally excited anyhow,' we may be said matters, chiefly to the exclusive right to wear to be under emotion. Our active movements and turbans of a green colour, that having been the intellectual processes can sometimes go on with favourite colour of the Prophet. They are placed very little consciousness; we may walk and scarcely under the supervision of the Emir-Beshir. In be aware of it; trains of thought may be proved former times, the title of Emir was borne by the to have passed through the mind while we are leaders in the religious wars of the Moham- unconscious of them. Now, it is these unconscious medans, as well as by several ruling families, such modes of Volition and Intellect that present the as the Thaherides and Samanides in Persia, the greatest contrast to emotion; shewing how nearly Tulunides in Egypt, the first seven Ommaiades co-extensive this word is with mental wakefulness, in Spain. The title Emir, in connection with or consciousness, in its widest signification. other words, likewise designates different offices. Emir-al-Mumenin, 'Prince of the Faithful,' is the title assumed by the califs themselves; Emiral-Muslemin, signifying the same thing, was the title of the Almoravides. Emir-al-Omrah, 'Prince of Princes,' was the title of the first minister, under the califs and the East Indian Moguls, who united in his own person the highest civil and military dignities. It is now the title of the governors of different provinces. The Turkish master of the horse is styled Emir-Achor; the standard-bearer, Emir-Alem; the surveyor of markets in Turkey, Emir-Bazaar; and the leader of the caravans of pilgrims to Mecca, Emir-Hadji. E'MLY, an ancient Irish see, united to Cashel in 1568. EMME'NAGOGUES, medicines intended to restore, or to bring on for the first time, the menstrual excretion in women. The emmenagogues chiefly in use are the preparations of aloes, iron, myrrh, and other stimulants in connection with purgatives; and also the local use of the warm bath, leeches, fomentation, &c. Some recommend still more powerful and direct applications to the uterine mucous membrane; as galvanic pessaries, lunar caustic, scarifications, &c.; but these are not in general use. See MENSTRUATION. Emotion, then, is of the very essence of mind, although not expressing the whole of mind. There are three distinct kinds or divisions of it: Pleasures, Pains, and Excitement that is neither pleasurable nor painful. Every kind of Pleasure is included under emotion in its widest acceptation. The pleasures of the Senses are as much of an emotional character as those pleasures that are not of the senses-as, for example, those of Power, Pride, Affection, Malevolence, Knowledge, Fine Art, &c. Every one of our senses may be made to yield pleasurable emotion; and all those other susceptibilities, sometimes called the special emotions, of which a classification is given below, are connected with our pleasures or our pains. What pleasure is in its inmost nature, each one must find from his own experience; it is an ultimate fact of the human consciousness which cannot be resolved into anything more fundamental, although, as will be seen, we can lay down the laws that connect it with the other manifestations of mind-namely, action and thought, and with the facts of our corporeal life. In the next place, Pain is a species of emotion. We know this condition as being the opposite of Pleasure, as the source of activity directed to its removal or abatement, and as the cause of a peculiar outward appearance, known as the Expression or Physiognomy of Pain. All the inlets of pleasure are also inlets of pain. The various sensibilities of the mind, whether the outward senses, or the more inward emotions, give rise at one time to pleasure, at other times to pain, the conditions of each being generally well understood by us; we can define the agencies that cause pleasure or suffering through the skin, the ear, or the eye. E'MMERICH, a town of Rhenish Prussia, is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, on the borders of Holland. It is a very old town, and has a Dutch character of cleanliness. It has a customhouse, an orphan-house, a gymnasium, and several ecclesiastical edifices. E. has manufactures of cloth, linens, and leather, and some shipping. Pop. 7116. EMMET. See ANT. EMO'LLIENTS (from Lat. mollis, soft), sub-modes of Neutral Excitement, in order to exhaust stances used to soften the textures to which they are applied, as poultices, fomentations, &c., externally, and Demulcents (q. v.) internally. EMOTION. This is the name for one of the comprehensive departments of the human mind. It is now usual to make a threefold division of the mind-Emotion, or Feeling; Volition, or Action prompted by Feelings; and Intellect, or Thought. It is not meant that these can be manifested in absolute separation; or that we can be at one time all emotion, another time all volition, and again all thought, without either of the other two. But although our living mind is usually a concurrence, in greater or less degree, of all of them, still they can be distinguished as presenting very different appear But it is requisite, further, to recognise certain the compass of emotion. We are very often roused, shocked, excited, or made mentally alive, when we can hardly say that we are either pleased or put to pain. The mind is awakened and engrossed with some one thing, other things are excluded; and the particular cause of the excitement is impressed upon us so as to be afterwards remembered, while all the time we are removed alike from enjoyment and from suffering. This is a kind of emotion that has its principal value in the sphere of intellect. The emotion of Wonder or Astonishment is not seldom of this nature; for although we sometimes derive pleasure, and sometimes the opposite, from a shock of surprise, we are very frequently affected in neither way, being simply impressed. The strange EMOTION. appearance of a comet gives far more of this neutral effect than of the others. It is a thing that possesses our mind at the time, and is afterwards vividly remembered by us, and these are the chief consequences of its having roused our wonder. The Physical Accompaniments of emotion are a part of its nature. It has been remarked in all ages, that every strong passion has a certain outward expression or embodiment, which is the token of its presence to the beholder. The child soon learns to interpret the signs of feeling. Joy, Grief, Affection, Fear, Rage, Wonder, have each a characteristic expression; and painters, sculptors, and poets, have adopted the demeanour of passion as a subject for their art. There must be some deep connection in the human frame between the inward states of consciousness and the physical or corporeal activities, to produce results so uniform throughout the human race. When we study the facts closely, we obtain decisive proof of the concurrence of the following members and organs in the manifestation of feeling. In the first place, the muscles or moving organs are affected. Under strong excitement, the whole body is animated to gesticulation; in less powerful feelings, the expression confines itself more to the features or the movements of the face. These last have been analysed by Sir Charles Bell. The face has three centres of movement the Mouth, Eyes, and Nose; the mouth being most susceptible, and therefore the most expressive feature. In the Eyes, expression is constituted by the two opposite movements of the eyebrows; the one raising and arching them (prompted by a muscle of the scalp, occipitofrontalis), the other corrugating and wrinkling them. The one movement is associated with pleasing states, the other with painful. The Nose is acted on by several muscles, the most considerable of which is one that raises the wing together with the upper lip, and is brought into play under the disgust of a bad smell and in expressing dislike generally. The Mouth is principally made up of one ring-like muscle (orbicularis), from which nine pairs radiate to the cheeks and face. In pleasing emotions, the mouth is drawn out by the action of two pairs of muscles, named the buccinator and zygomatic, situated in the cheek. The expression of pain is determined by the contraction of the aperture of the mouth, through the relaxation of those muscles, and the contraction of the ring-like muscle that constitutes the flesh of the lips; and by two muscles in the chin, one depressing the angle of the mouth, and the other raising the middle of the lower lip, as in pouting. Besides the features, the Voice is instinctively affected under strong feelings; the shouts of hilarious excitement, the cry of sharp pain, and the moan of protracted agony, are universally known. Another important muscle of expression is the Diaphragm, or midriff, a large muscle dividing the chest from the abdomen, and regularly operating in expiration. In laughter, this muscle is affected to convulsion. In the second place, the organic functions of the system are decidedly influenced for good or evil under emotion. The glandular and other organs acted on in this way comprehend the most important viscera of the body. The Lachrymal Secretion is specifically affected under passion; the flow of tears being accelerated to a rush, instead of pursuing the tranquil course of keeping the eyeball moist and clean. The states of the Sexual Organs are connected with the strongest feelings of the mind, being both the cause and the effect of mental excitement. The Digestion is greatly subject to the feelings, being promoted by joy and hilarity, not in too great excess, and arrested and disturbed under pain, grief, terror, anger, and intense bodily or mental occupation. The Skin is known to respond to the condition of the mind; the cold sweat in fear is a derangement of its healthy functions. The Respiration may be quickened or depressed according to the feelings. The action of the Heart and the Circulation of the Blood are subject to the same causes. The nature of this influence was explained under BLUSHING. Lastly, in women, the Lacteal Secretion participates in the states of emotion, being abundant, healthy, and a source of pleasure in a tranquil condition of mind, while grief and strong passions change it to a deleterious quality. The connection between mental emotion and bodily states being thus a fact confirmed by the universal experience of mankind, can we explain this connection upon any general law or principle of the human constitution? Have we any clue to the mysterious selection of some actions as expressing pleasure, and others as expressing pain? The reply is, that there is one principle or clue that unravels much of the complexity of this subject-namely, that states of pleasure are usually accompanied with an increase in some or all of the vital functions, and states of pain with a depression or weakening of vital functions. This position may be maintained on a very wide induction of facts, many of them very generally recognised, and others open to any careful observer; there being, however, some appearances of an opposite kind, which have to be satisfactorily accounted for, before we can consider it as fully established. If we consider first the respective agents or causes of pleasure and pain, we must acknowledge that they are very generally of a nature to accord with the view now stated. How many of the sources of pleasure are obviously sources of increased energy of some vital organs. The case of Food is too obvious to need any comment. Warmth within limits both confers pleasure and stimulates the skin, the digestion, and other functions. Fresh air exhilarates the mind, while quickening the respiratory function. Light is believed to stimulate the vital actions no less than the mental tone. And if there be some pleasures of sense, such as mere sweetness of taste, fragrant odours, music, &c., that do not obviously involve greater energy of vital function, they might be seen to do so, if we knew more than we do respecting the operation of the various organs, and we are certain that they do not have the opposite effect. Medical authorities are so much impressed with the general tendency of pleasures, that they include them in the list of stimulants in cases of low vitality. If we pass from the senses to the special emotions, such as Wonder, Power, Tender Affection, Taste, we find that when those are pleasing, they also increase the animal forces at some point or other. A stroke of victory sends a thrill through the whole system; and if the pulse were examined at that moment, we should find that it beats stronger. The illustration for Pains is exactly parallel, but still more striking. It is notorious that hurts, wounds, fatigue, ill-health, hunger, chillness, nauseous tastes and odours, the silence of a prison, the gloom of utter darkness, failure, humiliation, contumely, deprivation of one's usual comforts and pleasures-while causing pain, cause in a corresponding degree a depression of the powers of the system. There are some apparent exceptions, as in the stimulus of the whip, the bracing agency of cold, and the effect of misery generally in rousing men from lethargy to action, but these could all be shewn to be quite compatible with the main principle. If we turn from the agents to the expression, or modes of manifestation, of the opposing mental conditions, we shall find that the facts are of the same EMOTION-EMPANNEL. general tenor, although with some seeming exceptions are raised in consequence; but it may be tions. Joy makes a man spontaneously active, erect, animated, and energetic. It is as if a flush of power were diffused through his members; and the efforts he is then prompted to, lead to no painful exhaustion. The opening up of the features, by the elevation of the eyebrows and the retraction of the mouth, indicates that the stream of energy has coursed over the face. In a still greater shock, the convulsiveness of laughter, by which respiration is quickened, attests the superabundance of the animal spirits. The body stands more erect, and every act done is done with more emphasis. Grief and depression are the opposite in every particular. The frame is languid and stooping, the features lifeless, the voice is a feeble wail; and although there is a species of convulsion attending on this condition of mind, it is a marked contrast to the other. The sob is caused by the partial paralysis of the diaphragm, which necessitates great voluntary efforts in order that breathing may proceed. The choking sensation at the throat is also a species of paralysis from loss of vital power. The convulsions arising under such circumstances are productive of an exhausting reaction, which is the case with all the energetic movements stimulated by extreme pain. Such is undoubtedly the general fact. But why should pain stimulate, or give strength to, some special muscles, such as the corrugator of the eyebrow, and the depressor of the angle of the mouth? This has appeared a great difficulty to the ablest physiologists. It would look as if pleasure coincided with an energetic wave sent to some muscles, and pain with an energetic wave sent to others; so that the opposite conditions of mind are equally accompanied by an accession of power to some bodily member. But if we examine the matter more narrowly, it will probably turn out that the muscles that seem to be stimulated under pain, are not so in reality, but obtain the upper hand through the general relaxation of the system. Thus, take the mouth. We know the state of the mouth in languor, inaction, and sleep. We know that when we are roused in any way, the muscles of the face operate and draw the mouth asunder in a variety of forms. Pleasure corresponds with our energetic moods, pain causes a collapse towards the sleepy and exhausted condition which represents a state of departed energy. So the collapse of the body might seem an exertion of the flexor muscles, or those that bend the frame forward; but we are well aware that such collapse takes place when the system is totally lifeless. A renewed energy, as a matter of course, makes us stand erect. This is a part of the case in reply to the objections arising from a specific expression of pain, but not the whole; and the answer to the difficulties still remaining is furnished by a fact that, if well authenticated, will probably dispose of nearly all the exceptions to the general principle now contended for. It is the organic functions, more than the muscular system, whose increased vitality coincides with pleasurable feeling, and their diminished action with pain. Muscular exercise is often highly agree able, but the pleasure of resting after exercise is still more so. Now, there can be little doubt that what happens in the state of healthy repose is this: the amount of vital force stimulated by exercise the increased energy derived from plying the lungs and heart is now allowed to leave the active members, and to pass to the other organs-the digestion, skin, and various secreting glands-and it is their aggrandisement that is associated with the comfortable sensations of repose and sinking into sleep. Thus, the abating of muscular energy may be a cause of pleasure, provided the organic func maintained as a highly probable supposition, that a The emotions of the human mind may be classified under two heads: First-The pleasures, and pains, and modes of excitement growing out of the exercise of the Senses, the Movements, and the Appetites. See SENSES. The five senses, commonly recognised, are partly sources of pleasure and pain, in which case they yield Emotion, and partly sources of Knowledge, by which they are related to the Intellect. There are other sensibilities not included in the five senses, but ranking with them in those particulars-as the feelings of Muscular Exercise and Repose, and the sensations of Digestion, Respiration, &c. The second head comprises the Special Emotions not arising immediately out of Sensation, although connected therewith. These have been variously classified. The following is one mode of laying them out: 1. Feelings of Liberty and Restraint; 2. Wonder; 3. Terror; 4. Tender Affections; 5. Emotions of Self-complacency, Love of Approbation, &c.; 6. Sentiment of Power; 7. Irascibility; 8. Emotions of Action, including the interest of Pursuit or Plot; 9. Emotions of Intellect, Love of Knowledge, Consistency, and Inconsistency; 10. Fine Art Emotions, or Taste; 11. The Moral Sense. On this subject, see Müller's Physiology, Movements due to the Passions of the Mind; Bell's Anatomy of Expression; Stewart on the Active Powers; Bain on the Emotions and the Will, &c. EMPA'NNEL-Empanellare vel ponere in assisis et juratis-to write in a schedule or roll the names of such jurors as the sheriff returns to pass upon any trial. The judges of assize in England, before commencing their circuits, issue precepts to the sheriffs of the several counties, calling upon them to summon a sufficient number of jurors to serve upon the grand and petty juries. In compliance with this order, the sheriff prepares lists, called the Panels (q. v.) of the jury, and the persons named in the lists are thereupon summoned to attend at the assizes. |