GALWAY.

Catholic clans or families of the town-Blakes, Bodkins, Lynches, Frenches, &c.-who, by a curious local custom were distributed into 13 tribes. This singular system, almost without example in the Catholic Church, continued in use until about 30 years ago; when, in 1831, the wardenship of G. was erected into an episcopal see, the bishop of which is appointed by the same rules which regulate other Episcopal appointments in Ireland. Among the other edifices are three monasteries and five nunneries; the Queen's College, opened in 1849; Erasmus Smith's College, with an endowed income of £126 a year; the county court-house; barracks, &c. G. has numerous flour and other mills, also breweries, distilleries, foundries, &c., extensive salmon and sea fishing, a good harbour, with docks that admit vessels of 500 tons, and a The exports consist mainly of corn, flour, bacon, fish, kelp, and marble. In 1861, 369 vessels, of 98,255 tons, entered and cleared the port. G. returns two members to parliament. Pop. (1861) of town, 16,786; of parliamentary borough, 24,990; which shews a decrease, since 1851, of 7001 in the former, and of 9156 in the latter.

schools of various kinds. Here nearly all the
foreign trade of the state is transacted. In 1858,
61 foreign vessels, of 26,373 tons, entered and
cleared the port; but the greater proportion of the
trade is along the coast. In 1856, the number of
entrances of coasting-vessels was 3594, 1065 being
steamers, regular lines of which ply from this town
to New York and New Orleans, as well as to
the south-west towns of Texas. The principal
trade is in shipping cotton, of which from 300,000
to 400,000 bales were exported in 1859. The
town has good wharfs, several ship-building yards,
foundries, machine-shops, cotton-presses, &c. Popu-
lation estimated in 1850 at 4177; in 1859, at 10,000.
The Bay of Galveston extends northward from the
city to the mouth of Trinity River, a distance of
about 35 miles, and is from 12 to 18 miles broad.
The island of Galveston is a long strip of low-light-house.
lying ground with a mean elevation of from 3 to
4 feet above sea-level, and is about 28 miles long,
and from 1 to 34 miles broad. It was, from 1817 to
1821, the haunt of the notorious pirate Lafitte, who
was dislodged in the latter year, and his settlement
broken up.

GALWAY, a municipal and parliamentary borough of Ireland, a seaport, and county of itself, stands at the mouth of the river Corrib, on the north shore of Galway Bay, 50 miles north-northwest from Limerick, and 130 miles west-south-west from Dublin. It is built on both sides of the river, and on two islands in its channel, its parts being united by two bridges. It is connected with Lough Corrib by a canal, and forms the terminus of the Midland Great Western Railway. A line of steamers has, with a few interruptions, run for the last four years between G. and the North American colonies, seven days being considered the usual time for a fair passage. The old town of G. is poorly built and irregular, and some of its older houses have a somewhat Spanish appearance, which is accounted for by the commercial intercourse which at one time subsisted between G. and Spain. To one of these houses, which is marked with a skull and crossbones, a very remarkable story is attached, of a mayor of G., James Lynch Fitzstephen, who, in 1493, like Brutus of old, condemned his own son to death for murder, and in order to prevent his being rescued, actually caused him to be hanged from his own window. The new town consists of well-planned and spacious streets, and is built on a rising-ground, which slopes gradually toward the sea and the river. The suburbs are mainly collections of wretched cabins, inhabited by a miserably poor class of people. One of these suburbs, called Claddagh, is inhabited by fishermen, who exclude all strangers from their society, and marry within their own circle. These fishermen still speak the Irish language, and the Irish costume is still worn by the women. They annually elect a 'mayor,' whose function it is to administer the laws of their fishery, and to superintend all internal regulations. One of the principal buildings of G. is the parish church of St Nicholas, founded in 1320, in connection with which is an ecclesiastical body called the Royal College of Galway, consisting of a warden and eight vicars choral, who are elected by the Protestant members of the corporation. In the Roman Catholic Church a similar ecclesiastical arrangement formerly existed. The see of Enachdune, of which G. formed a part, was united to that of Tuam in 1324; but in 1484, G. was constituted a wardenship, with a distinct jurisdiction, similar to that of an episcopal see. The wardenship, in later times, was held by one of the bishops of the neighbouring sees. The right of electing the warden, however, was vested in certain

G. was taken by Richard de Burgo in 1232, and the ancestors of many of the leading families now resident in this quarter settled here about that time. From the 13th till the middle of the 17th c., G. continued to rise in commercial importance. During the latter part of the 17th c., it suffered considerably for its adherence to the royalist cause. 1652, it was taken by Sir Charles Coote after a blockade of several months; and in July 1691, it was compelled to surrender to General Ginkell.

In

GALWAY, a maritime county of Ireland, forms the southern portion of the province of Connaught, and is second in size of all the Irish counties, Cork being the largest. It is bounded on the E. by two navigable rivers, the Shannon, and its affluent the Suck; and on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean. It has an area of 1,566,354 acres, of which the one half is arable, and almost the whole of the remainder uncultivated. Pop. (1851) 297,897, (1861) 254,256. The county of G. is watered in the east by the Shannon, the Suck, and their feeders; and in the west by Loughs Mask and Corrib, and by the streams- -none of them of any great importancewhich fall into the loughs and into Galway Bay. In the most southern portion of the county are the Slieve-Baughta Mountains; and in the west are the well-known Twelve Pins, a striking mountain group, with a general height of about 2000 feet; and the Maam-Turk mountains, of about an equal height. This western portion of the county is exceedingly wild and romantic; the hills are separated by picturesque glens, and by secluded and beautiful loughs. South-west from Lough Corrib to the sea is the district called Connemara, which contains vast bogs, moors, lakes, and morasses, and presents a peculiarly bleak and dreary aspect. North-east of Connemara is Joyce's Country, and south-east of it is Iar-Connaught, or Western Connaught. The coast-line is stated to be about 400 miles in length, and the shore is much broken, and is fringed with numerous islands. On the coasts of Connemara (Cun-na-mar, 'bays of the sea') and Iar-Connaught, there are more harbours for vessels of large size than on any equal extent of coast perhaps in Europe. The climate is mild and humid, and in low-lying localities, is sometimes unhealthy. The richest soil occurs in the district between the head of Galway Bay and the Shannon. Agriculture and fishing are the most general pursuits; kelp is largely manufactured; also woollens, linens, friezes, felt hats, are manufactured. The lakes and loughs, as well as the coasts of G., are well stocked with fish. The

GALWAY BAY-GAMA.

county of G. abounds in ancient remains of the Celtic as well as of the English period. Raths and cromlechs are numerous; monastic ruins are found in all parts of the county; a very fine specimen of this class is that of Knockmoy, near Tuam; and there are no fewer than seven round towers in the county. G. county sends two members to parliament.

GALWAY BAY, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, on the west coast of Ireland, between the counties of Galway and Clare. It is a noble sheet of water, and offers great facilities for an extended commerce. Great efforts have been made to obtain a public grant for the construction of a harbour of refuge; and a company was formed in 1858 for the establishment of the Transatlantic packet-service alluded to in the article GALWAY. A series of misadventures, however, has hitherto attended its efforts; but it is hoped that its operations will be resumed with greater vigour in the present year (1862). G. B. is 30 miles in length from west to east, and has an average breadth of about 10 miles. At its entrance, and between the North and South Sounds,

are the islands of Arran.

which found its most congenial sphere in the mystic and venerable sanctities of Roman Catholicism. Having separated from her husband, she took up her residence in Münster, where she gathered round her a circle of learned companions. Here resided for a longer or shorter time Von Fürstenberg, Goethe, Jacobi, and others, but her most attached friends were Hemsterhuis and Hamann. She is the Diotima to whom the former of these, under the name of Dioklas, addressed his Lettre sur Atheisme (1785). She largely contributed to the conversion of Count Stolberg and his family to Roman Catholicism, and called forth that excess of religious feeling which for a considerable period characterised many circles of German society, and which Voss so sharply reproved in his Wie ward Fritz Stolberg ein Unfreier (How Fritz Stolberg became a Slave). The Princess Amalie died August 24, 1806.-Compare Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben der Fürstin Amalie von G. (Münster, 1828).-7. DIMITRI AUGUSTINE G., son of the foregoing, was born at the Hague, December 22, 1770. He became a Roman Catholic in his 17th year, shortly after his mother; and through the influence exercised over him by a clerical tutor during a voyage to America, he resolved to devote himself to the priesthood. In 1795, Dimitri Augustine was ordained a priest in the United States by Bishop Carroll of Baltimore, and betook himself to a bleak region among the Alleghany Mountains, in Pennsylvania, where he was known as 'Father Smith.' Here he laid the foundation of a town, called Loretto, which has now a Population of 6000. He was austere as regards his

degree to others, and an affectionate and indefatigable pastor. He wrote various controversial works, some of which are still largely read in the United States. We may mention his Defence of Catholic Principles, Letter to a Protestant Friend, and Appeal to the Protestant Public. He died at Loretto, May 6, 1840.-8. PRINCE EMANUEL G., born in Paris, 1804, studied in that city, and afterwards entered the Russian army. He translated into French Wrangel's book on Northern Siberia, and wrote an interesting work, entitled La Finlande. Notes recueillies en 1848 (2 vols., Paris, 1852). He died at Paris, February 1853.

GA'LYZIN, or GOLYZIN, also frequently GALIZIN, GALITZIN, or GALLITZIN, one of the most numerous, powerful, and distinguished Russian families. It derives its origin from the Lithuanian prince Gedimin, the founder of the Jagellonian dynasty of rulers in Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia. Among the leading members of the family may be mentioned-1. The princes MICHAIL and DIMITRI G., Russian commanders under Wassili IV., grand-personal mode of life, but liberal in the highest duke of Warsaw, who were taken prisoners by the Poles at the battle of Orscha in 1514. Dimitri died in captivity, and Michail was only released after a confinement of 38 years.-2. WASSILI G., surnamed the Great, born in 1633, was the councillor and favourite of Sophia, the sister of Peter the Great, and regent during his minority. Wassili was a man of liberal culture and civilised tastes. His great aim was to bring Russia into contact with the west of Europe, and to encourage the arts and sciences in the native gymnasia, and at the court itself. His design to marry Sophia, and plant himself on the Russian throne, however, miscarried. Sophia was placed by her brother in a convent, and Wassili was banished to a spot on the Frozen Ocean, where he died of poison.-3. BORIS G., cousin of the previous, was Peter the Great's tutor, and one of the administrators of the kingdom during the czar's first journey abroad.—4. DIMITRI G., also a cousin of Wassili's, was a distinguished Russian statesman; ambassador at the Turkish court; afterwards director of the imperial finances; and finally head of the reform party of Galyzin and Dolgoruki, which wished to limit the absolute authority of the czar. Dimitri's plan failed; the two families were banished, and Dimitri himself ended his days in the dungeons of Schüsselburg.-5. MICHAEL G., born about 1675, was brother of Dimitri, and one of the most distinguished Russian generals. He was the inseparable companion of Peter the Great in all his campaigns. His most famous achievement was the conquest of Finland. He died at Moscow, 1730.-6. DIMITRI G., born 1738, went as Russian ambassador to France in 1763, and to Holland in 1773. He died in 1803. He wrote one or two books, but he owes the preservation of his name mainly to his wife, the celebrated AMALIE, PRINCESS G., daughter of the Prussian general, Count von Schmettau. This lady (born at Berlin, August 28, 1748) was remarkable for her literary culture, her grace and amiability of disposition, her sympathetic relations with scholars and poets, but, above all, by her ardent pietism,

GAMA, DOм VASCO DA, the discoverer of the maritime route to India, was born, it is not precisely known when, at Sines, a small seaport of Portugal. He was descended of an ancient family, which was even supposed to have royal blood in its veins, though not legitimately. At an early period, he distinguished himself as an intrepid mariner; and after the return of Bartolommeo Diaz, in 1487, from doubling the Cape of Good Hope, King João, in casting about for a proper man to undertake the discovery of a southern passage to India, fixed on G., so great was the confidence which his abilities inspired. The intentions of João were frustrated by death; but his successor, Manoel the Fortunate, fitted out four vessels, manned altogether with 160 men, and intrusted them to the command of G., presenting him at the same time with letters to all the potentates whom it was thought likely he might require to visit; among others, one to the mythical Prester John,' then supposed to be reigning in splendour somewhere in the east of Africa. little fleet left Lisbon 8th July 1497, but having been tormented by tempestuous winds almost the whole way, only arrived at the haven now known as Table Bay on the 16th of November, where they cast anchor for a few days. On the 19th November, G., after encountering a series of frightful storms, and being obliged to sternly suppress a mutiny among his terrified crew, who wanted him to return

The

GAMA GRASS-GAMALIEL.

13 or 14 vessels. As he approached the coast of India, an unaccountable agitation of the water was observed by all. There was no wind to cause it, and the superstitious sailors were greatly alarmed. Why fear?' said G.: the sea trembles before its conquerors.' His firmness and courage succeeded in making Portugal once more respected in India; but while engaged in his successful schemes, he was surprised by death at Cochin, December 1525. His body was conveyed to Portugal, and buried with great pomp. In the character of G., resolution was found combined with prudence and great presence of mind. His justice, loyalty, honour, and religious fervour distinguished him above most of the great navigators and conquerors of his time. His discovery of a passage to India almost vies in importance with the discovery of America by Columbus, which took place only a few years before. Consult Barros, Decades; Castanpeda and Lafitau, Hist. Conqu. Portug.; and Cooley, Hist. Mar. Discov. His achievements are also celebrated by Camoens in the Lusiad.

to Portugal, sailed round the southern extremity of Africa, and touched at various places on the hitherto unknown eastern coast of Africa. At Melinda, where he found the people far more civilised than he expected, he obtained the services of a welleducated pilot, a native of Guzerat, in India, who seemed familiar with the astrolabe, the compass, and quadrant. Under his guidance, G. struck out to sea, crossed the Indian Ocean, and arrived at Calicut, in India, on the 20th of May 1498. His reception by the ruler of Calicut (the 'SamudriRajah, or Prince of the Coast, shortened into Zamorin) was not very favourable, nor did G.'s intercourse with him subsequently improve. The Arab merchants residing there were jealous of the new-comers, who might interfere with their monopoly of traffic, and incited the Hindus against them. Other complications also arose, and the result was that, on his departure, G. had to fight his way out of the harbour. Satisfied with the discoveries he had made, the Portuguese commander now turned his course homeward, touched at several of the places he had previously visited, and in SepGAMA GRASS (Tripsacum), a genus of Grasses, tember 1499, cast anchor at Lisbon, where he was received with great distinction. High-sounding which are fertile at the base, and barren towards distinguished by unisexual flowers placed in spikes, titles were conferred on him. He was allowed the rare privilege of prefixing Dom to his name, about two florets, the female florets immersed in the the extremity, the spikelets having two glumes and and obtained a large indemnity for his trouble, thick and sinuous joints of the rachis, so that the besides certain monopolies in the commerce about to be opened with India. King Manoel immediately spike, when the seed is ripened, presents the appeardespatched a squadron of 13 ships, under Pedro ance of a cylindrical bone. Only two species are Alvarez Cabral, to India, for the purpose of estab-known, of which T. dactyloides, the Gama Grass of lishing Portuguese settlements in that country. In Mexico, distinguished by having spikes usually three this they were successful only in a few places. At together, has a high reputation as a fodder-grass, Calicut, forty Portuguese, who had been left behind, and is cultivated not only in Mexico, but in the were murdered by the natives. To avenge this injury, and, more particularly, to secure the Indian Ocean commerce, the king fitted out a new squadron of 20 ships, which set sail under G.'s This fleet reached in safety command in 1502. the east coast of Africa, founded the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Sofala, which still exist, and sailed to Travancore. On his way, G. captured a richly laden vessel filled with Mussulmans from all parts of Asia, on their way to Mecca. He barbarously set it on fire; and the whole crew, amounting to about 300, were burned or slain, with the exception of some 20 women and children. What adds to the tragic character of this fearful incident is, that it occurred through a mistake. G. confounded these Asiatic followers of the Prophet with the Moors of Africa, the hereditary enemies of his nation, and proceeded to extremities on that assumption. On reaching Calicut, G., after a delay of a few days, bombarded the place, destroyed a fleet of 29 ships, and compelled the rajah to conclude a peace with suitable indemnification. If this act of vengeance or of punishment, executed as it was with prudence and determination, inspired the natives with fear of the power of the Portuguese, it contributed to confirm the alliances made with several of the native princes. So rapid had been G.'s proceedings, that before the close of December 1503, he was back in Portugal with 13 richly laden vessels. He was not, however, again employed for a period of 20 years; and it would appear that Manoel, for some reason or other, failed properly to appreciate his great services. Meanwhile, the Portuguese conquests in India increased, and were presided over by five successive viceroys, while G. was lying inactive at home. The fifth of these viceroys, however, was so unfortunate, that King João III., the successor of Manoel, was compelled to have recourse to the old hero; and in 1524, bearing the title of viceroy, G. set sail once more for the scene of his former triumphs with a fleet of

United States of America, and now also to some
extent in Europe. In favourable circumstances, it
nine or ten feet, its root-leaves measuring six feet
yields a very abundant crop, and attains a height of
in length.
It possesses what for some climates is
drought without injury. It suffers, however, from
an almost invaluable property of bearing excessive
frost. It seems eminently adapted to the climate of
Gama Grass of Carolina (T. monostachyon), distin-
the Australian colonies.-The other species, the
guished by solitary spikes, is not so much esteemed.

-Gama Grass is said to derive its name from a Spanish gentleman who first attempted its cultivation in Mexico.

GAMA'LIEL, the Greek form of the Hebrew name Gamli'el (My rewarder is God; or, Mine also is God), the most celebrated bearer of which is Gamaliel I., or the Elder (hasaken), probably the one mentioned in the New Testament (Acts, v. 34, and xxii. 3). Both here and in the Talmudical writings, he appears only in his capacity of a teacher of the law, and a prominent Pharisaic member of the Sanhedrim (q. v.); but of the circumstances of his life, or the date of his birth and death, we learn nothing from these, the only sources. He was the son of Simeon, the same, it may be assumed, who was first honoured by the title of Raban (our master)-a mark of distinction afterwards bestowed on Gamaliel himself-and thus the grandson of the celebrated Hillel. Whether (as would follow from Pesachim, 88 b.) he actually presided over the Sanhedrim (in the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius) or not, certain it is that the laws and ordinances which were issued by that body during his life bore the stamp of the all-embracing humanity and enlightened liberality which from the regal' House of Hillel was transferred to the School of Hillel-principally as opposed to the particularising and austere school of Shamai. To the refinement and erudition hereditary in his family-to which, alone, on account of its exalted

GAMB-GAMBLING.

position, even the otherwise strictly forbidden study GAMBA. See VIOL DI GAMBA.

GA'MBIA, a river of Western Africa, whose basin, and that of the Senegal, constitute the region known as Senegambia, enters the Atlantic in lat. 13° 30' N., and long. 16° 34′ W., after an estimated course of fully 1000 miles. It is four miles broad at its mouth, having a reach of double the width immediately inside. gable for vessels of 150 tons up to Barraconda, a town on its right bank, about 200 miles from the sea.

It is navi

of Greek science and philosophy had been allowed GA'MBESON, or WAMBEYS, a word of doubt(cf. Derech Eretz, iv.)-G. appears to have added ful origin, implying a covering for the body, was a rare degree of discretion, and of that practical the name of a thickly quilted tunic stuffed with wisdom which betimes revokes or adapts social wool, and worn by knights under the hauberk, laws, according to the wants of the commonas a padding for the armour. As it was sufficiently wealth. For the benefit of sufferers of all kinds, strong to resist ordinary cuts, it was sometimes that most stringent law of the limited Sabbathworn without other armour. The surcoat was day's journey was relaxed; the licence hitherto also quilted or gamboised with cotton wool, as in allowed to the absent husband, of annulling his that of the Black Prince, still hanging above his letter of divorce (if he regretted his rashness), even tomb in Canterbury cathedral. after its delivery, before any court of two or of three men, was abolished (Gittin, 32); while, on the other hand, to prevent confusion, prepense or involuntary, the strictest accuracy with respect to the names of the husband, wife, and witnesses contained in these documents was most rigorously enforced. Again, the widow was to receive her marriage-portion (Kethuba) from the recalcitrant heirs, simply on her asseveration that she had not received it during her husband's lifetime: while formerly she had not been permitted to make oath even in the matter (Gittin, 34). But no less important, and testifying, at the same time, to a spirit free from prejudice, are the other laws respecting the treatment of the Gentiles, which may properly be ascribed to G.'s influence, if indeed they were not inaugurated by himself. Gentile and Jew, it was enacted, should henceforth, without distinction, be allowed the gleanings of the harvestfield; even on the day specially set aside to his idol-worship, the former should be greeted with the salutation of peace. Of his poor, the same care was to be taken; his sick were to be tended, his dead to be buried, his mourners to be comforted, exactly as if they belonged to the Jewish community (Gittin, 59 b., 61 ff.; Jer. Gitt. c. 5)-certainly no mean tribute to the principle of the equality of the human race, and a practical carrying out of Hillel's motto, the words of the Scripture (Lev. xix. 18), 'And thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself' (cf. Sabbath, 30 b. ff.). The consideration of these and other legislative acts, all tending towards that social improvement and consolidation (Tikkun Haolam) which was G.'s avowed and acknowledged aim, seems also to set at rest that old and barren dispute, whether G., when he interposed on behalf of the apostles, and referred their matter to God himself, was secretly a Christian, or whether he was a cowardly tyrant, who even sought to withhold from them the privilege of martyrdom.' Tolerant, peaceful, as free from fanaticism on the one hand, as on the other from partiality for the new sect, which he seems to have placed simply on a par with the many other sects that sprang up in those days, and disappeared as quickly: he exhorts to long-suffering and good-will on all sides. Of his relation to St Paul, of the Law' he taught him (Acts, xxii. 3), as well as of the influence which his mind might have exercised over that of the 'apostle of the Gentiles,' we shall treat under the name of this latter.

When G. died (about seventeen years before the destruction of the Temple), the glory of the law' was said to have departed, and with him 'died the reverence before the law and the purity of the abstinence' (Pharisaism), (Sota, 49). His memory has always been held in the highest honour. The story of his conversion to Christianity, we need scarcely add, is as devoid of any historical foundation as that of the transmission of his bones to Pisa. In conclusion, it may be mentioned, that G. has been placed on the list of Christian Saints, and that his day is celebrated on the 3d of August. GAMB, an heraldic corruption of the French word jambe, the leg. See JAMBE

GAMBIA, a British settlement occupying the banks of the river of the same name, as far up as Barraconda, though not continuously. The principal station, Bathurst, is situated on the island of St Mary, at the mouth of the Gambia. Other posts are Fort James and Fort George, the former also situated on St Mary's, and the latter__on Macarthy's Island, 180 miles from the sea. Pop. of settlement in 1851, 5693, of whom 191 were whites. The climate is comparatively unhealthy. The export trade, already considerable, is steadily increasing, comprising chiefly wax, hides, ivory, gold dust, rice, palm-oil, horns, timber, and groundnuts. The last-named article alone had augmented from 10,868 tons, value £130,496, in 1856, to 15,705 tons, value £188,464, in 1858. The foreign commerce with France, Great Britain, and the United States, respectively employs 12,500, 5500, and 3800 tons. In 1855 there were in this settlement seven schools, attended by 1349 pupils.

GA'MBIER ISLANDS, a Polynesian group, under a French protectorate, in lat. 23° 8' S., and long. 134° 55′ W. They number five larger, and several smaller islands, all of coral formation. With the exception of Pitcairn's Island, they alone, water in sufficient abundance for the supply of on the route between Chili and Tahiti, yield good shipping.

GA'MBIR, or GAMBEER, an astringent substance resembling CATECHU (q. v.), and used for the same purposes. It is one of the most powerful of pure astringents. It is prepared from the leaves of the G. shrub, Uncaria Gambir, a native of the East Indies and Malay Archipelago. The genus Uncaria belongs to the natural order Cinchonacea. The G. shrub is very extensively cultivated in the Eastern Archipelago, great quantities of G. being used by the Malays for chewing with betel. G. is obtained by boiling or infusing the leaves in water, and evaporating either by the heat of a fire or of the sun. It is used in Europe both in medicine, and extensively in tanning. It is often called Terra Japonica in commerce. When examined by the microscope, it is found to consist in great part of a multitude of small crystals of catechine.

GAMBLING, or GAMING, the art or practice of playing a game of hazard, or one depending partly on skill and partly on hazard, with a view, more or less exclusive, to a pecuniary gain. Games of this nature were forbidden by the Romans both under the Republic and the Empire (Cic. Philip. ii. 23; Dig. ix. tit. 5; Cod. iii. tit. 43). The ground

GAMBLING-GAMBOGE.