Paul they at laft brought him before the Areopagus, accufing him of introducing a new religion. St Paul being come before the judges, pleaded in his own de fence, that among other marks of fuperftition which he had found in that city, he had obferved an altar infcribed, "To the unknown God." It was therefore this God whom they confeffed that they knew not, that he came to make known to them. Afterwards he fpoke to them of God the creator of heaven and earth, of the fuperintendence of a providence, of the laft judgment, and of the refurrection of the dead. But after they had heard of the refurrection, some made fcorn of him, and others defired to hear him another time. However fome of them embraced the Chriftian faith, of which number was Dionyfius a fenator of the Areopagus, and a woman called Damaris, and several others with them.

St Timothy came from Berea to Athens according to the request of St Paul, and informed him of the perfecution with which the Chriftians of Theffalonica were then afflicted. This obliged the apoftle to fend him into Macedonia, that he might comfort them and keep them ftedfaft (1 Theffal. iii. 1,2, &c.) After this St Paul left Athens and went to Corinth, where he lodged with one Aquila a Jew, and by trade a tent maker (As xviii. 1, 2, &c.) With this Aquila the apoftle worked, as being of the fame trade himfelf. But, however, he did not neglect the preaching of the gofpel, which he performed every day in the fyna gogue; fhowing both to the Jews and Gentiles that Jefus was the Meffiah. There he made feveral converts; and he tells us himself (1 Cor. i. 14-17. and xvi. 15.) that he baptized Stephanus and his whole houfe, with Crifpus and Gaius. About the fame time Silas and Timothy came to Corinth, and acquainted him with the good ftate of the faithful at Theffalonica; and foon after this, he wrote his firft epiftle to the Theffa. lonians, which is the first of all the epiftles that he wrote; and not long after he wrote his fecond epiftle to that church.

St Paul, now finding himself encouraged by the prefence of Silas and Timothy, went on with the work of his miniftry with new ardour, declaring and proving that Jefus Chrift was the true Meffiah. But the Jews oppofing him with blafphemous and opprobrious words, he fhook his clothes at them, and faid, "Your lood be upon your own head; from henceforth I fhall go to the Gentiles." He then quitted the house of Aquila, and went to lodge with one Titus Juftus, who was originally a Gentile, but one that feared God. In the mean time the Lord appeared to St Paul in a vifion, told him, that in Corinth he had much people; and this was the reason why the apoftle continued there eight months.

But Gallio the pro-conful of Achaia being at Co. rinth, the Jews of that city rofe up against Paul and carried him before Gallio, accufing him of attempting to introduce a new religion among them: however, Gallio fent them away, telling them he would not meddle with difputes that were foreign to his office. Paul continued fome time longer at Corinth; but at laft he fet out for Jerufalem, where he had a mind to be prefent at the feast of Pentecoft. Before he went on fhipboard, he cut off his hair at Cenchrea, because

5

he had completed his vow of Nazaritefhip, in which Paul. he had engaged himfelf. He arrived at Ephefus with Aquila and Prifcilla, from whence he went to Cæfarea of Paleftine, and thence to Jerufalem. Here having performed his devotions, he came to Antioch, where he ftayed fome time; and then paffing from thence, he made a progress through all the churches of Galatia and Phrygia fucceffively; and having gone over the higher provinces of Afia, he rettened to Ephefus, where he abode three years; that is, from the year of Chrift 54 to the year 57 (Acts xix. 1, 2, &c.) St Paul having arrived at Ephefus, he found there fome difciples that had been initiated by Apollos, who had only baptized them with the baptifm of John. St Paul inftructed them, baptized them with the baptifm of Jefus Chrift, and laid his hands on them; whereupon they received the Holy Ghoft, the gifts of languages and of prophecy. The apoftle afterwards went into the fynagogue, and preached to the Jews for three months, endeavouring to convince them that Jefus Chrift was the Meffiah: but as he found them very obftinate, he feparated himself from them, and taught daily in the school of one Tyrannus. He performed there feveral miracles, infomuch, that the linen that had but touched his body, being afterwards applied to the fick, they were prefently cured of their difeafes, or delivered from the devils that poffeffed them. He alfo fuffered much there, as well from the Jews as from the Gentiles; and he himself informs us (1 Cor. xv. 31, 32.), that after the manner of men he fought with beafts at Ephefus; that is to fay, that he was expofed to wild beafts in the amphitheatre, so that it was expected he fhould have been devoured by them; but God miraculously delivered him though fome are of opinion, that the fight here mentioned by St Paul was nothing else but the fcuffle he had with Demetrius the filver fmith and his companions, who were disappointed in their attempt of putting the apoftle to death. It was during his abode at Ephefus that the apofle wrote his epiftle to the Galatians.

After this St Paul propofed, at the inftigation of the Holy Ghoft, to pafs through Macedonia and Achaia, and afterwards to go to Jerufalem, faying, that after he had been there, he mutt alfo fee Rome; and having fent Timothy and Eraftus before to Macedonia, he tarried fome time in Afia. During this time, he received intelligence that domeftic troubles; had rifen in the church of Corinth, and that abuses had begun to creep in; which made him refolve to write his firft epiftle to that church.

Soon after this, taking leave of the difciples, he departed for Macedonia (Acts xx. 1, 2, &c.) He em. barked at Troas, took Timothy with him, and toge. ther paffed into Macedonia (2 Cor. ii. 12. and vii. 5-15.) Titus came thither to him, and acquainted him with the good effects that his letter had produced among the Corinthians; and told him, that the collections that had been made by the church of Corinth for the faithful in Paleftine were now ready; which engaged Paul to write a fecond letter to the Corinthians. St Paul, having paffed through Macedonia, came into Greece or Achaia, and there continued three months. He vifited the faithful of Corinth◄

and

and having received their alms, as he was upon the point of returning into Macedonia, he wrote his epiftle to the Romans.

At laft he left Greece and came into Macedonia, in the year of Chrift 58, intending to be at Jerufalem at the feast of Pentecoft. He ftaid fome time at Philippi, and there celebrated the feaft of the paffover. From hence he embarked and came to Troas, where he continued a week. On the first day of the week the difciples being affembled to break bread, as St Paul was to depart the day following, he made a difcourfe to them which held till midnight. During this time a young man called Eutychus, happening to fit in a window and fall asleep, fell down three ftories high, and was killed by the fall. St Paul came down to him, and embraced him, and reftored him to life again. Then he went up again, broke bread and eat it, and continued his difcourfe till day-break, at which time he departed. Thofe of his company took fhip at Troas; but as for himself he went on foot as far as Affos, otherwife called Apollonia, and then embarked along with them at Mitylene. From hence he came to Miletus, whither the elders of the church of Ephefus came to fee him; for he had not time to go to them, because he was defirous of being at Jerufalem at the feaft of Pentecoft.

When thefe elders were arrived at Miletus, St Paul difcourfed with them, and told them that he was go. ing to Jerufalem without certainly knowing what fhould happen to him; however he did not doubt but that he had much to fuffer there, fince in all cities the Holy Ghoft had given him to understand, that chains and afflictions waited for him at Jerufalem. Nevertheless, he declared to them, that all this did not terrify him, provided he could but fulfil his miniftry. After having exhorted them to patience, and having prayed along with them, he went on board, going ftraight to Coos, then to Rhodes, and thence to Patara (Acts xxi. 1, 2, &c.), where finding a fhip that was bound for Phoenicia, they went on board and arrived fafe at Tyre. Here they made a top for feven days, and then going on, they arrived at Ptolemais, and thence at Cæfarea, where they found Philip the evangelift, who was one of the feven deacons. While St Paul was there, the prophet Agabus arrived there alfo from Judea; and having taken St Paul's girdle, he bound his own hands and feet with it, faying, " Thus fhall the Jews of Jerufalem bind the man that owns this girdle, and fhall deliver him up to the Gentiles." But St Paul's conftancy was not fhaken by all thefe predictions, and he told them, that he was ready, not only to fuffer bonds, but death itself, for the name of Chrift.

When he was come to Jerufalem, the brethren received him with joy; and the day following he went to fee St James the lefs, bishop of Jerufalem, at whose house all the elders assembled. Paul gave them an account of what God had done among the Gentiles by his miniftry. Then St James informed him, that the converted Jews were ftrangely prejudiced against him, because they were informed he taught the Jews that lived among the Gentiles and out of Palestine, that they ought to renounce the law of Mofes, and no longer circumcife their children. Therefore, continued St James, we must affemble them here together, where

you may speak to them yourself, and undeceive them. Pani. Moreover do this, that your actions may verify your words: join yourself to four men that are here, and who have taken upon them a vow of Nazariteship; and that you may fhare in the merit of their action, contribute to the charge of their purification, and pu rify yourself alfo, that you may offer with them the offerings and facrifices ordained for the purification of a Nazarite. See NAZARITE.

66

St Paul exactly followed this advice of St James, and on the next day went into the temple, where he declared to the priests, that in feven days these four Nazarites would complete their vow of Nazariteship; and that he would contribute his fhare of the charges. But towards the end of these seven days, the Jews of Afia having feen him in the temple, moved all the people againft him, laid hold of him, and cried out, Help, ye lfraelites, this is he that teaches every where against the law, and against the temple, and has brought Gentiles into the temple, and profaned this holy place." At the fame time they laid hold on him, fhut the gates of the temple, and would have killed him, had not Lyfias the tribune of the Roman garri. fon there run to his refcue, taken him out of their hands, and brought him into the citadel. St Paul being upon the steps, defired the tribune to fuffer him to fpeak to the people, who followed him thither in a great multitude. The tribune permitted him, and St Paul, making a fign with his hand, made a speech in Hebrew (Acts xxii.), and related to them the manner of his converfion, and his miffion from God to go and preach to the Gentiles. At his mentioning the Gentiles, the Jews began to cry out, "Away with this wicked fellow out of the world, for he is not worthy to live."

Immediately the tribune made him come into the caftle, and ordered that he should be examined by whipping him, in order to make him confefs the matter why the Jews were fo incensed against him. Being now bound, he faid to the tribune," Is it lawful for you to whip a Roman citizen before you hear him?" The tribune hearing this, caufed him to be unbound, and calling together the priests and the fenate of the Jews, he brought Paul before them, that he might know the occafion of this tumult of the people. Then Paul began to fpeak to them to this purpose, (Acts xxiii.): Brethren, I have lived in all good confcience before God until this day." At which words, Ana. nias, fon of Nebedeus, who was the chief-prieft, ordered the by-ftanders to give him a blow in the face. At which St Paul faid to him, "God fhall fmite thee, thou whited wall; for fitteft thou to judge me after the law, and commandeft me to be fmitten contrary to the law?" Thofe that were prefent faid to him, "Revileft thou God's high-prieft?" St Paul excufed himself by faying, that he did not know he was the high-prieft," For it is written, thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people." Then perceiving that part of the affembly were Sadducees and part Pharifees, he cried out," Brethren, I am a Pharifee, the fon of a Pharifee; of the hope and refurrection of the dead I am called in queftion."

Then the affembly being divided in interefts and opinions, and the clamour increafing more and more, the tribune ordered the foldiers to fetch him away out

formed of St Paul's arrival, came out to meet him as far as Appii-forum. and the Three Taverns. And when he was come to Rome, he was allowed to dwell where he pleafed, having a foldier to guard him, who was joined to him with a chain. Three days afterward's, St Paul defired the chief of the Jews there to come to him. He related to them in what manner he had been feized in the temple of Jerufalem, and the neceffity he was under of appealing to Cæfar. The Jews told him, that as yet they had received no information about his affair; and, as for Chriftianity, they knew nothing of it, but only that it was fpoken against everywhere; however, that they fhould be very willing to have fome account of that doctrine from him. A day was appointed for this purpofe; when St Paul preached to them concerning the kingdom of God, endeavouring to convince them from Mofes and the prophets, that Jefus was the Meffiah. Some of them believed what he had faid to them, while others difbelieved; fo that they returned from him divided among themselves.

Paul dwelt for two whole years at Rome, from the year of Chrift 61 to the year 63, in a lodging that he hired; where he received all that came to him, preach. ing the kingdom of God, and the religion of Jefus Chrift, without any interruption.

Hitherto we have had the Acts of the Apostles for our guide, in compiling the hiftory of St Paul; what we fhall add hereafter, will be moftly taken from his own Epiftles. His captivity did not a little contribute to the advancement of religion; for he converted feveral perfons even of the emperor's court, (Philip. i. 12- -18. and iv. 22.) The Chriftians of Philippi, in Macedonia, hearing that St Paul was a prifoner at Rome, fent Epaphroditus their bishop to him, to bring him money, and otherwise to affift him in their name, (Phil. ii. 25.) Epaphroditus fell fick at Rome; and when he went back to Macedonia, the apoftle fent by him his Epiftle to the Philippians.

It is not known by what means St Paul was delivered from his prifon, and discharged from the accufation of the Jews. There is great probability that they durft not appear against him before the Emperor, as not having fufficient proof of what they laid to his charge. However that may be, it is certain that he was fet at liberty, after having been two years a prifoner at Rome. He wrote alfo, during this imprisonment, his Epiftles to Philemon and the Coloffians.

He was ftill in the city Rome, or at leaft in Ita ly, when he wrote his Epiftle to the Hebrews. St Paul, having got out of prison, went over Italy; and, according to fome of the fathers, paffed into Spain; then into Judea; went to Ephefus, and there left Timothy (Heb. xiii. 24. and1 Tim. i. 3.); preached in Crete, and there fixed Titus, to take care to cultivate the church he had planted in that place. Probably he might alfo vifit the Philippians, according to the promife he had made them, (Phil. i. 23, 26. and ii. 24.); and it is believed, that it was from Macedonia that he wrote the Firft Epifle to Timothy. Some time after, he wrote to Titus, whom he had left in Crete; he defires him to come to Nicopolis, from whence, probably, he fent this letter. The year fol. lowing, that is, the 65th year of the Christian era, the apoftle went into Afia, and came to Troas, (2 Tim.

iv. 13.) Thence he went to vifit Timothy at Ephe. Pant fus, and from that to Miletus, (2 Tim. iv. 20.) Lastly, he went to Rome; and St Chryfoftom fays, that it was reported, that having converted a cup bearer and a concubine of Nero, this fo provoked the Emperor, that he caufed St Paul to be apprehended, and clapped into prifon. It was in this laft place of confinement that he wrote his Second Epiftie to Timothy, which Chryfoftom looks upon as the apottle's laft teftament. See TIMOTHY and TITUS.

This great apoftie ac laft confummated his martyr. dom, the 29th of June, in the 66th year of Jefus Chrift, by having his head cut off, at a place called the Salvian Waters. He was buried on the way of Oftium, and a magnificent church was built over his tomb, which is in being to this day. Calmet's Dia. &c.

PAUL (St), Cave or Grotto of, in the island of Mal ta, where St Paul and his company took shelter from the rains, when the viper faftened on his arm. Upon this fpot there is a church built by the famed Alof de Vignacourt, grand-mafter of the order, in the year 1606, a very handfome, though but a small, ftructure. On the altar-piece is a curious painting, reprefenting the apoftle's fhaking off the viper, furrounded with men, women, and children, in attitudes of admiration and furprise, and in the old Maltese garb; and the whole very well executed. On the top of the painting is the following inscription :

Vipera ignis acta calore fruftra Pauli
Manum invadit; is infulæ benedicens
Anguibus & herbis adimit omne virus.
M. DC. V.

PAUL, first bishop of Narbonne, or Sergius Paulus the proconful, converted and made bishop by St Paul, was defcended from one of the best families of Rome. It is faid the apoftle called himself Paul, from his name. The Spaniards will have him to be their apoftle, which is not improbable; and it is faid he died a martyr at Narbonne.

PAUL V. by birth a Roman, was first clerk of the chamber, and afterwards nuncio to Clement VIII. in Spain, who honoured him with a cardinal's hat. He was advanced to the papal chair the 16th of May 1605, after Leo XI. The ancient quarrel between the fecular and ecclefiaftical jurifdictions, which in former times had occafioned fo much bloodshed, revived in the reign of this pontiff. The fenate of Venice had condemned by two decrees, 1. The new foundations of monafteries made without their concurrence. 2. The alienation of the eftates both ecclefiaftical and fecular The firft decree paffed in 1603, and the fecond in 1605. About the fame time a canon and abbot, accufed of rapine and murder, were arrefted by order of the fenate, and delivered over to the fecular court; a circumftance which could not fail to give offence to the court of Rome. Clement VIII. thought it proper to diffemble or take no notice of the affair; but Paul V. who had managed the Genoefe upon a fimilar occafion, flattered himself with the hopes that the Venetians would be equally pliant. However, he was difappointed; for the fenate maintained that they held their power to make laws of God only; and therefore they refused to revoke their decrees and deliver up the ecclefiaftical

and the magnificent palace of Mount Cavallo. He Paul. applied himself in a particular manner to the recovering and repairing ancient monuments, which he made to advance, as ruchs the nature of them would admit, the honour of Chriftianity; as appears from an elegant infcription placed upon a column of porphyry, taken from the temple of Peace, and bearing a beantifui ftatue of the Virgin, at the fide of the church of St Mary the elder :

"Impura falfi templa
Quondam numinis

Jubente moeita perterebam Cæfare:
Nunc læta veri

Perferens matrem Dei

Te, Paule, nullis obticebo fæculis." His pontificate was honoured with feveral illuftrious embaffies. The kings of Japan, Congo, and other Indian princes, fent ambaffadors to him. He took care to fupply them with miffionaries, and to found bishopricks in thefe countries newly brought over to the faith. He showed the fame attention to the Ma ronites and other eaftern Chriftians. He fent legates to different orthodox princes, both to teftify his efteem for them, and to confirm them in their zeal for religion. He died the 28th of January 1621, aged 69; after having confirmed the French Oratory, the Urfulines, the Order of Charity, and fome other inftitus tions. Bold in his claims, but of narrow views, he diftinguished himself more by his piety and knowledge than by his politics. It has been remarked, that he never paffed a fingle day of his popedom without cele brating rafs. He enjoined all the religious in the profecution of their ftudies to have regular profeffors for Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic; if there were any among themselves properly qualified; or if that was not the cafe, to take the affittance of laymen for that purpofe, until there were fome of their own order who had learning enough to inftruct their brethren. It was very difficult to carry this decree into execu tion; and indeed it was always very imperfectly obferved.

ecclefiaftical prisoners into the hands of the nuncio, as the pope demanded. Paul, provoked at this behaviour, excommunicated the doge and fenate; and threaten ed to put the whole ftate under an interdict, if fatsfaction was not given him within the fpace of 24 hours. The fenate did no more than proteft against this menace, and forbid the publication of it throughout their dominions. A number of pamphlets, from both fides, foon announced the animofity of the two parties. The Capuchins, the Thealins, and Jefuits, were the only religious orders who obferved the interdict. The fenate fhipped them all off for Rome, and the Jefuits were banished for ever. Meantime his holiness was preparing to make the refractory republic fubmit to his fpiritual tyranny by force of arms. He levied troops against the Venetians; but he foon found his defign baulked, as the cause of the Venetians appeared to be the common caufe of all princes. He had recourse, therefore, to Henry IV. to fettle the differences and this prince had all the honour of bringing about a reconciliation between the contending parties. His ambassadors at Rome and Venice began the negociation, and Cardinal de Joyeufe finished it in 1607. It was agreed upon, that this cardinal Thould declare at his entry into the fenate, that the cenfures of the church were to be taken off, or that he would remove them; and that the doge fhould at the same time furrender to him the deeds of revocation and protest. It was alfo ftipulated, that all the religious who were banished, except the Jefuits, houid be restored to their former privileges. In fine, the Venetians promifed to fend an ambassador extraordinary to Rome, in order to thank the pope for the fa. vour he had done them; but they would not allow the legate to speak of his holinefs granting them ab. folution. Paul was wife enough to overlook the whole matter, but endeavoured to put an end to another dif pute, which had been long agitated in the congregations de auxiliis. He caufed it to be intimated in form to the disputants and counfellors, that, as the congregations were now diffolved, it was his exprefs order that the contending parties fhould no longer continue to cenfure one another. Some authors have affirmed that Paul V. had drawn out a bull against the doctrine of Molina, which only wanted to be promulged; but for this fact there appears to be no other evidence than the draught of this bull, which we meet with in the end of the hiftory of the above-mentioned congregations. Paul was ftrongly folicited, but in vain, to make the immaculate conception of the holy virgin an article of faith. He contented himself with barely for bidding the contrary doctrine to be publicly taught, that he might not offend the Dominicans, who, at that time, maintained that she was conceived, like other human creatures, in original fin. His holiness afterwards applied himself to the embellishing of Rome, and was at great pains to collect the works of the most eminent painters and engravers. Rome is indebted to him for its most beautiful fountains, especially that where the water spouts out from an antique vafe taken from the thermæ or hot baths of Vefpafian, and that which they call aqua Paola, an ancient work of Auguftus, reftored by Paul V. He brought water into it by an aqueduct 35 miles in length, after the example of Sixtus V. He completed the frontispiece of St Peter,

PAUL (Father), whofe name, before he entered into the monaftic life, was Peter Sarpi, was born at Venice, Auguft 14. 1552. His father followed merchandife, but with fo little fuccefs, that at his death he left his family very ill provided for; but under the care of a mother whofe piety was likely to bring the bleffing of providence upon them, and whose wife conduct fupplied the want of fortune by advantages of greater value. Happily for young Sarpi fhe had a brother, matter of a celebrated school, under whofe direction he was placed by her. Here he lost no time, but cultivated his abilities, naturally of the firft rate, with unwearied application. He was born for ftudy, having a natural averfion to pleasure and gaiety, and a memory so tenacious that he could repeat 30 verfes upon once hearing them. Proportionable to his capa city was his progrefs in literature: at 13, having made himself master of school learning, he turned his ftudies to philofophy and the mathematics, and entered upon logic under Capella of Cremona, who, though a celebrated mafter of that fcience, confeffed himself in a very little time unable to give his pupil any farther inftructions.

H 2

A.