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AMERICANA: A. S. W. ROSENBACH, Presi-
dent, American Jewish Historical Society

ANGLO-JUDAICA: PAUL GOODMAN, His-
torian and Author, London

ARCHAEOLOGY: WILLIAM F. ALBRIGHT,
Professor, Semitic Languages, Johns Hopkins
ART: CLIFTON HARBY LEVY, Rabbi, Author
and Journalist

BIBLE: JULIAN MORGENSTERN, President and
Professor of Bible and Semitic Languages,
Hebrew Union College

ETHICS: LOUIS L. MANN, Rabbi of Temple
Sinai, Chicago; Lecturer, Oriental Languages
and Literature, University of Chicago.

HISTORY: ISMAR ELBOGEN, Research Pro-
fessor, Jewish Theological Seminary, Hebrew
Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion,
and Dropsie College

ABRAHAM A. NEUMAN, President and Pro-
fessor of History, Dropsie College

JEWISH LITERATURE: JOSHUA BLOCH,
Chief, Jewish Division, N. Y. Public Library

LITURGY: SOLOMON B. FREEHOF, Rabbi of
Congregation Rodef Shalom, Pittsburgh; for-
merly Professor of Liturgy, Hebrew Union Col-
lege

PHILOSOPHY: LEO STRAUSS, Associate Pro-
fessor, Political Science, Graduate Faculty of
Political and Social Science, New School for
Social Research

RABBINICS: LOUIS FINKELSTEIN, President
and Professor of Theology, Jewish Theological
Seminary of America

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: MAURICE J.
KARPF, Formerly President, Faculty, and Pro-
fessor, Social Technology, Graduate School for
Social Work, New York; Executive Director,
Federation of Jewish Welfare Organizations
and Jewish Community Council, Los Angeles
THEOLOGY: SAMUEL S. COHON, Professor
of Theology, Hebrew Union College

REVISION EDITOR: ABRAHAM SHINED-
LING, Rabbi, Linguist and Reviewer

DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH

SIMON COHEN, D.D., Former Instructor at the
Hebrew Union College School for Teachers


VOLUME 9

THE UNIVERSAL JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA, INC., NEW YORK

COPYRIGHT 1943 BY UNIVERSAL JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA, INC.

COPYRIGHT UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT UNION.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

663957

The United States Work Projects Administra-
tion for the City of New York (Official Project No.
465-97-3-39) cooperated with the editors of this work
to the extent of providing scholarly employment for
a highly specialized group of clergymen, professors
and college graduates, in order that they might
maintain their skills by working in fields as near as
possible to those in which they had been trained.
The Works Progress Administration, however,
takes no responsibility whatever for the final form
of the articles in the preparation of which this group
participated, or for any opinions or judgments ex-
pressed by editors of the Encyclopedia.

In accordance with the provisions of the Works
Projects Administration, the research material com-
piled by WPA workers will be deposited in the
New York Public Library, where it will be avail-
able to the public.

Acknowledgment

The editors make grateful acknowledgment of the
assistance rendered to this work by the United States
Work Projects Administration in supplying research
workers to compile material from authoritative sources
in the fields of biography, ancient and medieval history
and literature, translators in several languages, and
bibliographers.

The final shaping of the articles-including syntax, style
and any expressions of opinion or judgments-is solely
the responsibility of the editors and contributors, not of
any of the workers furnished by the Works Progress
Administration.

MADE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA *

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