to fay, that Sevaji feduced the commander Abdul to a con ference, and ftabbed him.' Treachery, Mr. Sulivan affirms, was aimed at, but never intended by Shavajei. He was meant the facrifice.

From this period, the complicated influence of the Mahrattah power on the affairs of the Eaft, renders their hiftory peculiarly worthy of the attention of Europeans; but it is ftained with thofe barbarous affaffinations which ufually accompany political competition among a fierce and uncivilized people.

The Seiks, from fmall beginnings, like the Mahrattahs, have risen to fo great a degree of confequence, that they now poffefs an extent of dominion computed at eight hundred miles in length, and four hundred in breadth, the capital of which is Lahore. Their army, entirely compofed of cavalry, is fuppofed to exceed a hundred thousand fighting men. As the Mahrattahs fall (and that they are on the decline feems, as our author obferves, to be indisputable), the Seiks must neceffarily rife; and indeed their growing influence has, for fome years paft, much alarmed the powers of Hindoftan.

Befides the Mahrattahs and Seiks, our author gives an account of the Rohillas, a people whofe power, though greatly declined, is by no means extinguished; and may poffibly, he' thinks, be revived under a future leader, more active and enterprifing than either of the reigning chiefs of that tribe.

Mr. Sulivan, having treated of the moft confpicuous nations and princes of Hindoftan, proceeds to a review of the inferior powers, on the eastern fide of the Peninfula; and he afterwards relates, with his ufual perfpicuity, the rife and progrefs of the connection between the English and the nabob Mohammed-Ally-Cawn, whofe political conduct, and faithful attachment to this country, are placed in a light extremely fa vourable to that prince.

For, ac

After the hiftorical analyfis, we are favoured by Mr. Suli van with fome important reflections, arifing from the fubjects before treated. He obferves, in the first place, that large tracts of country, without the means of regular defence, are the ftrongest attractions to an Afiatic enemy. customed to predatory excurfions, they fuddenly rush upon a country with fire and defolation; fweeping before them, as they march, all that they do not destroy. On this account our author remarks, that all the territorial poffeffions of Europeans in the Eaft Indians fhould be compact, connected, and fo equally well defended, that an enemy fhould have no advantage in attacking one place in' preference to another. But what is of yet greater importance towards their permanent

fecurity,

fecurity, is the good faith with which they should conduct themselves in all their tranfactions with the country governments. For, though the Indians be prone to chicanery and deceit, they are faid to be great admirers of the contrary character in others.

Our author obferves, that nothing has been fo loudly exclaimed against as the introduction of English laws into the Bengal provinces. This, however, he believes, has proceeded more from a difappointment of interefted views, than from a conviction of any pernicious confequences that they are likely to produce.

No man of reafon, fays he, poffeffing a perfonal knowlege of the manners and cuftoms of Hindoftan, can honeftly declare, he believes the English laws improper to be introduced into that country. Prejudice, indeed, may operate powerfully on fome who have been educated in all the principles of Afiatic defpotifm, who have ruled over provinces with an arbitrary sway, and whofe words have been law; but a difpaffionate enquirer, who judges with moderation, and who fees the neceffity of coercion in a country where common juflice hath been trampled under foot, not only by fome of the English themfelves, but univerfally by their fervants and dependents, will unhefitatingly confefs, that the rod of legal authority cannot but be ferviceable in withholding the hand of oppreffion, and ensuring to the honeft labourer the fcanty reward of his induftry and trouble. This, it is faid, has never been denied him. But what is more liable to mifreprefentation than an unsettled ftate, where all dominion, after the confufion of fucceffive revolutions, is transferred to a few firangers, and where the conquerors, living under their own laws of freedom, amidst a nation of helpless and unprotected beings, exhibit a fituation almoft without parallel in history?'

This intelligent author obferves, that the prefent mode of letting the lands in India is attended with many inconveniences, independently of the disadvantages which result from their unequal diftribution. Some zemindars, he remarks, unwilling to relinquish their habitations, are often induced to exceed the real value of farms, if their lease is but for a short term of years. The zemindar, at the fame time, even though poffeffed of the ability, cannot, with fafety to his own interefts, encourage the inferior farmers by advancing them money; and without this advance, the lands cannot receive that cultivation-which, with a longer leafe, or the abfolute poffeffion, the occupiers would be enabled to bestow.

We cannot conclude our review of this Analysis without obferving, that Mr. Sulivan appears to write with great impartiality; that he difcovers an extenfive knowlege of the po

litics of India; and that he has fuggefted to the company very important and rational hints both for the defence and improvement of their territories.

This work was first printed in 1779.

A Tour through Parts of England, Scotland, and Wales, in 1778. In a Series of Letters. By Richard Jofeph Sulivan, Efq. The Second Edition, corrected and enlarged. In Two Volumes. 10s. 6d. in Boards. Becket.

8vo.

THE first edition of this Tour, which appears to have derived its origin from a generous ardour for literary amusement, was published a few years ago. The nature of the work induces us to imagine, that it had been occafionally compofed during the hours of relaxation from travelling, and confequently without that exertion of mind, of which this ingenious author is evidently capable. The prefent edition, however, though containing nearly the fame account of the Tour as formerly, is not a little increased by the embellishments of fentiment and obfervation; and confidering that a great part of what it describes was before familiar to us, from the account of Mr. Pennant, we must acknowlege that we have received far greater pleasure in the perufal, than might have been expected under fuch circumftances. Before we proceeded farther than the firft Letter, we were convinced, from Mr. Sulivan's remarks, that he is perfectly well acquainted with the art of travelling to advantage. Nor is it a circumftance unworthy of attention, that while he discovers much knowlege of the world, it has not effaced that virtuous fenfibility, which is too liable to abatement from an extensive commerce with mankind.

In giving an account of Eton College, our author makes a digreffion on the comparative advantages of a private and a public education. This fubject having been much agitated, affords little room for any new obfervation; but, in the following quotation, Mr. Sulivan has contrafted the different opinions in a just point of view.

The vast number of great men which not only Eton, but the other public feminaries of learning in this country, have produced, hath often led me to the long difputed point, of which fhould have the preference, a public or a private edu cation. To many men the advantages of a public school are demonftratively evident; but much, as in most cafes, may be advanced on both fides. Public schools, as fociety now is regulated, are certainly poffeffed of many recommendatory effentials in the point of education. The mafters fought after for them are generally men of the firft abilities: the diet of the

8

pupils

pupils is carefully attended to, and their learning is lefs neglected, than the number of boys, and the variety of their talents, would at firft give one reafon to apprehend. A private tutor, undoubtedly, has it in his power to give more attention to his fcholar's education than the mafter of a large ácademy. He can watch over the progrefs of the understanding, and, by conftant care, can take advantage of every effort of the mind,” and turn it by culture to its proper end. The morals too he has rigidly under his infpection. The feeds of goodness, therefore, planted in fuch manner in the breaft, must bring forth the fair eft bloffoms of benignity. Gentleness and truth will irrefiftibly fix in his pupil's mind the lovelinefs of focial virtue. The man cannot but fpring up in theoretic perfection; but the paffions will have hitherto been filent, because they will not have had fufficient objects to ftimulate them to action.

• Could human nature be brought to that degree of relative goodness, which it is natural to fuppofe it never did, nor ever will poffefs, but in the abftrufe and fine-fpun opinions of a few philofophers, a private education would indifputably be bett; but as a man is the fame that he probably was four thousand years ago, and as the active paffions may properly be called the elements of life, fomething more general is required than what can poffibly be imbibed from the inftruction of any one perfon, at once both the mafter and companion. Moreover, a too-clofe application, without the neceffary recreations, is too apt to imprefs a boy with a difguft to ftudy when he is freed from the dominion of a tutor, or, what is worfe, to enamour him with books, and thereby to ruin his health, and otherwife to deprive him of thofe comforts which nature intended he fhould enjoy.

On the other hand, the man who has been early fent to fchool, on his firft going there, enters into a world in miniature, fimilar to the one in which he is afterwards doomed to move. The whole circle of the paffions is there to combat and be combated with. Love, hatred, jealoufy, revenge, ambition, courage, cowardice, in fhort, all the moit oppofite fentiments of the human heart, are there to be found in their different degrees. The difpofitions of his fellow-creatures thus come experimentally to be made known to him. He foon perceives the delights of goodness, as well as the turpitude of bafenefs. Pride makes him emulate his fuperiors. He feels an exaltation. in rifing to be foremost of his class. His incitements to morality become equally ftrong. Applaufe attends him in every flep of his career. Self feels its native dignity, and is pleafed in the exertion; he rifes to be a man with a knowlege of books, and, what is of much more confequence, with a knowlege of his fpecies.

in another light, likewife, the advantages of public are apparently infinitely fuperior to thofe of private education. The mingling together draws forth the exertion of children's bodily as well as mental faculties; their nerves in this manner VOL. LX. Nov. 1785.

Bb

become

become strong :-by feats of strength they gradually acquire degrees of courage: their little fpirits become imperceptibly inured to refent an injury, and to protect the oppreffed. Exercife gives an invigorating principle to their fyftem; and they break into the world with health, with fpirit, and with understanding, fit to encounter the innumerable viciffitudes which are incident to their existence.'

From London, where the traveller commences his journey, he proceeded to Bath, and the more diftant parts of Somersetshire and Wiltshire. He next directs his courfe to Bristol, and afterwards to Chepfow, and other places in Wales. Returning thence to Bristol, he vifits Gloucefterfhire, Worcesterfhire, and Derbyshire; and shaping his route through Yorkfhire, continues his journey into Scotland; where he has proceeded fo far north as Glamis, Perth, Dunkeld, Taymouth, and Inverary, all which are fituated in nearly the fame latitude, about the middle of that part of Great Britain. From Inverary, he returns by Glasgow and Carron to Edinburgh, and thence to Carlisle; from which city he directs his courfe through different parts of England to London. Without laying before our readers the author's account, however faithful and well defcribed, of places vifited by other travellers, we fhall present them with the narrative of his descent into a cavern in Derbyshire; a journey which few ever before at tempted, and probably few will perform hereafter.

Imagination can fcarcely form a defcent more perilous. The only fteps or things to hold by, are bits of oak ftuck into the fides, inhabitants of the place fince it was first discovered, and which, from want of ufe, it was natural to suppose might have either rotted or loosened themselves in the earth: moreover, a falfe step hurled one inevitably to destruction: fortunately all was firm, and we arrived at the bottom unhurt. Here ranging ourselves in order, with a large bundle of candles and torches, independent of the candles which each of us carried, we proceeded with tolerable facility through two or three lofty and most beautifully enamelled caverns of fpar. This we conceived an earnest of future delight, and the tablets were accordingly fet at work; but, alas, how great was our mistake. Here our difficulties were to commence.

Following the guide, who befides another who was with us, was the only one of the party who had ever penetrated before, we forced our way with infinite ftruggles, through a narrow space, between two rocks, and thence getting on our hands and knees, were, for the full diftance of a mile, obliged to crawl without ever daring to lift up our heads, the paffage being both low and craggy, and as it was likewife filled with mud, dirt, and a multitude of bits of rocks, our progress was painful indeed: we still, however, hoped for fomething better.

On