A.D. 1902. Fellahîn, or peasant farmers, the sum of The eggs The total amount of tobacco withdrawn from bond was 6,336,700 kilos., and of tambak 379,100: 54 per cent. came from Turkey, 33'5 per cent. from Greece, and 125 per cent. from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The average consumption per head was 1 lb. 6 oz. ; the number of cigarettes exported amounted to 385,000,000. The profit from the Post Office was £E.37,500. The amount of unirrigated land was 143,000 acres, as compared with 947,000 in 1877. The number of men employed in corvée work was 4,970 for 100 days. About E.50,000 were spent on repairs of Government buildings, LE.154,000 on new buildings, and 79,000 on drainage. The number of persons in prison was A.D. 1902. 9,256. During the year 238 slaves were freed. There were 22,717 patients in the Government hospitals. In all, 1,489 deaths from cholera occurred in Cairo. 1903. The revenue was £E.12,464,000, and the expenditure E. 11,720,000, and the surplus LE.744,000, being £E.719,000 in excess of the estimates. The balance standing to the credit of the General Reserve Fund was on December 31st, 1903, LE.2,761,000, and on the same date the sum of LE.2,128,000 stood to the credit of the Specia! Reserve Fund. The value of the sums invested on behalf of the Conversion Economics Fund was £E. 5,507,000, as against £E.4,991,000 in 1902. Debt to the extent of £1,289,000 was paid off during the year, and on December 31st, 1903, the outstanding capital of the Debt amounted to £102,187,000, £93,383,000 being in the hands of the public. On December 31st, the loans to the Fellaḥîn amounted to £E.2,186,746, the number of borrowers being 78,911 persons. The Debt on the Domains Administration was reduced to E.1,685,042, and that on Daira Adminstration was reduced to about E.4,986,000. The railways carried in 1903 about 15,000,000 people and 3,000,000 tons of goods, as against 2,800,000 people and 1,200,000 tons of goods in 1883, and in that period of 20 years the receipts rose from E. 1,200,000 to E.2,260,000. The receipts from telegraphs amounted to LE.76,000, and the expenditure was £E.57,000; 1,618,000 messages were despatched. The sum of LE.3,439,864 was paid for the Aswan Dam and the Asyut Barrage. Some 170,000 acres A.D. 1903. of basin land were converted into perennial irrigation at a cost of E.190,000; as a result, the annual rental of these acres has been increased by E.510,000, and the present sale value by E.5,100,000. In corvée work 11,244 men were called out in 1903. The imports were E.16,146,000 and the exports E. 19,118,500. About 96,500,000 eggs were exported. Of the imports 425 per cent. were from Great Britain and her possessions, and of the exports 52.8 went to Great Britain. The tobacco imported amounted to 6,517,000 kilos., and the tambak to 370,000 kilos. ; the average consumption per head was I lb. 7 ozs., or I Oz. more than in 1902. About 74,400 passengers landed at Port Said and Alexandria. The average daily circulation of currency notes was £E.218,000, and the value of the notes in circulation was LE.382,000. About 57,000 tons of salt were sold, and the gross revenue was £E.189,000. The profit of the Post Office was E.46,000. It was decided that executions were to be conducted within the prison walls in the presence of certain authorized officials, and that representatives of the press were to be admitted. About 2,121 persons were convicted of crimes, and the number has been on the increase since 1896, when it was 1,866. About 176,474 certificates of Moslem marriages were issued, and there were 52,992 cases of divorce. It is said that in a great many cases the husband takes h wife back again after divorcing her, and the Inspectors believe that if account could be taken of these reunions, the number of divorces would be reduced to about 18,000. The Cairo tram A. D. The ways were used by 18,957,000 people. 1903. following are the sums which have been spent on education, beginning with the year 1887, when the expenditure on this department of the Government had sunk to its lowest figure: The expenditure of the Department of Public Instruction is defrayed from three sources:— (1) The Government Grant, which has risen from LE.63,000 in 1887 to E.276,000 in 1906: (2) School fees, which in 1904 amounted to LE.90.000; (3) Revenue from endowments, &c., which produced LE.23,000 in 1904. Writing early in 1904, Lord Cromer concludes his Report ("Egypt," No. 1, 1904) with the following noteworthy sentences:-"As regards moral progress, all that can be said is that it must necessarily be slower than advance in a material direction. I hope and believe, however, that some progress is being made. In any case, the machinery which will admit of progress has been created. The schoolmaster is abroad. A reign of law has taken the place of arbitrary personal power. Institutions, as liberal as possible under the circumstances, have been established. In fact, every possible A. D. 1903. facility is given and every encouragement afforded for the Egyptians to advance along the path of moral improvement. More than this no Government can do. It remains for the Egyptians themselves to take advantage of the opportunities of moral progress which are offered to them." The British policy in respect of education in Egypt is thus explained by Lord Cromer : The policy of gradually suppressing free education and of concurrently raising the fees in the Government schools, which are above the Kuttab grade, finds its justification in the nature, the purpose, and the changed circumstances of the schools. It must be remembered that the whole system is exotic. It aims at providing an European course of education, intended to fit Egyptians for various branches of the public service and for professional careers. It owes its origin to the Europeanizing zeal of Mehemet Ali, and dates back to 1836. From the foundation of the schools to their suppression on the death of Mehemet Ali, not only was the education in them provided free, but the pupils were fed, clothed, boarded, and maintained at the cost of the State. It is a notorious fact that, in spite of the advantages which were offered, the schools were only recruited by the use of physical force. The system adopted by Mehemet Ali eventually led to a number of pupils being turned out from the schools far in excess of the opportunities which were offered for their employment. Abbas I, therefore, suppressed the schools. With the accession of Ismail Pasha, in 1863, the schools were re-established on much the same lines as before, but with the additional privilege that school attendance counted as pensionable |