for irrigation purposes. During the rule of the Greeks Egypt was divided into three parts: Upper, Central, and Lower Egypt; Central Egypt consisted of seven nomes, and was called Heptanomis.

Nome.

16. Meh-maḥet. Hebennu (Hipponon).

17.

18. Sapet.

19. Uab.

Capital.

Kasa (Cynonpolis).

Divinity Horus.

Anubis.

Ḥa-suten(Alabastronpolis). Anubis.
Pa-matchet (Oxyrhynchos). Set.

Khenensu (Herakleopolis Heru-shefi.

magna).

20. Am-khent.

21. Am-peḥ.

Se-men Heru.

22. Maten.

Khnemu.

Tep-ȧhet (Aphroditopolis). Hathor.

LOWER EGYPT.

15. Teḥuti.

16. Khar.

Pa-Teḥuti (Hermopolis).

Pabaneb-tet (Mendes).

17. Sma-behutet. Pa-khen-en-Amen (Dios

Thoth.

Ba-neb-tet.

Amen-Ra.

Lower Egypt is divided into six provinces :

1. Baḥêrah, with nine districts; capital, Damanhûr. Population (including the Oasis of Siwa, 7,200), 631,225.

2. Kalyubiyah, with four districts; capital, Benha Population, 371,465.

3. Sharkîyah, with six districts; capital, Zaķâziķ. Population, 749, 130.

+ Dakhaliyah, with six districts; capital, Manşûrah. Population, 736,708.

5. Manûfiyah, with five districts; capital, Menût. Population, 864,206.

6. Gharbiyah, with eleven districts; capital, Tanțâ. Population, 1,297,656.

Upper Egypt is divided into eight provinces :

1. Gizah, with four districts; capital, Gizah. Population, 401,634

2. Beni-Suwêf, with three districts; capital, Beni-Suwêf. Population, 314,454.

3. Minyah, with eight districts; capital, Minyah. Population (including the Oasis of Baḥarîyah (6,082), and the Oasis of Farâfra (542)), 548,632.

4. Asyût, with ten districts; capital, Asyût. Population (including the Oasis of Dâkhlah (17,090), and the Oasis of Khârgah (7,220)), 782,720.

5. Girgah, with five districts; capital, Şûhag. Population, 668,011.

6. Kenah, with seven districts; capital, Kenah. Population, 711,457.

7. Nûba, with three districts; capital, Aswân. Population, 240,382.

8. Fayyûm, with three districts; capital, Madinat alFayyûm. Population, 371,006.

Large towns like Alexandria, Port Sa'îd, Suez, Cairo, Damietta, and Al 'Arîsh are governed by native rulers.

In ancient days the population of Egypt proper is said to have been from seven and a half to nine millions; at the present time (1906) it is probably well over ten millions. The population of the provinces south of Egypt, which originally belonged to her, has never been accurately ascertained. The country on each side of the Bahr el-Abyad is very thickly peopled; it is generally thought that the population of this and the other provinces which belonged to Egypt in the time of Ismâ'îl amounts to about eight millions.

The

The Revenues of Egypt in ancient days.—According to the Church historian Abû Şâliḥ (ed. Evetts and Butler, p. 80 ff.), the Armenian, who flourished in the 12th century of our era, the Land Tax of Egypt during the administration of Joseph, the son of Jacob, amounted to 24,600,000 dinàrs, ie, £12,300,000. Al-Makrîzî makes the sum to be 97,000,000 dînârs, i.e., £48,500,000, and says that according to the computation of Ibn Dahyah 90,000,000 Pharaonic dînârs were equivalent to 270,000,000 dinârs of his time, i.e., £135,000,000. In the reign of Al-Walid ibn Muş'ab, the Pharaoh of the time of Moses, the revenue was 90,000,000 dînârs, or £45,000,000. Romans derived a revenue of 20,000,000 dînârs, or £10,000,000 from Egypt, and Heraclius farmed the country to George the Mukaukis for 18,000,000 dinars. or £9,000,000 yearly. Amr ibn al-'Âși received 1,000,000 dinârs from Egypt in A.H. 20, but two years later he received 12,000,000 dinârs, or £6,000,000. Later the revenue went down to 5,000,000, then to 4,000,000, and finally to 3,000,000 dînârs. Under Kâfûr al-Ustâdh al-Ikhshîdî the revenue was at least 3,270,000 dinârs, or £1,635,000, but the expenditure exceeded the revenue by 200,000 dînârs, or £100,000. In A.D. 779 the revenue was 1,828,500 dinârs, or £914,250.

According to Abû Şâliḥ the area of the cultivable land in Egypt was in the days of Hishâm ibn 'Abd al-Malik (A.D. 724-744) 30,000,000 of faddâns. There must, however, be some error in this statement, for at the present time the cultivable land only amounts to 7,000,000 faddâns, or, let us say, acres.