married his stepmother Cleopatra-Berenice in 80, and was killed in the same year.

Ptolemy XIII. Philopator Philadelphus (Neos Dionysos) was about 95; he began to reign in 8o, but was not crowned until 76; his sovereignty was acknowledged in Rome in 59; the year following he was driven out of Egypt, and he died in 51. His nickname was "Auletes."

Ptolemy XIV. was born in 61; he ruled jointly with his sister Cleopatra the Great in 51, and for a short time with Arsinoë (?) in 48; he was drowned in the Nile in 47. Ptolemy XV. was born in 59; he ruled jointly with Cleopatra in 47, and was murdered in 44.

Cleopatra VII. Tryphæna, the Great, the illegitimate daughter of Ptolemy XIII., was born in 69, and she became sole ruler of Egypt in 44. She named her son Ptolemy XVI. (Cæsarion) co-regent in 36, and died of poison or by the bite of an asp in 23.

Ptolemy XVI., Cæsarion, was born in 47, and died in the year 23, during his flight to Ethiopia. The lengths of the reigns of the Ptolemies were as follows:

The dynasty ruled in all 275 years.

Egypt became a province of Rome B.C. 30.

B.C.

28.

ROMANS.

30. Cæsar Augustus becomes master of the Roman Empire. Cornelius Gallus is the first prefect of Egypt and Gaius Petronius the second. Under the third prefect, Aelius Gallus, Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, invades Egypt, but is defeated.

25.

A.D.

14. Tiberius. In the consulship of Marcus Silanus and Lucius Norbanus, Germanicus set out for Egypt to study its antiquities. His ostensible motive, however, was solicitude for the province. He sailed up the Nile from the city of Canopus, which was founded by the Spartans because Canopus, pilot of one of their ships, had been buried there, when Menelaus on his return to Greece was driven into a distant sea and to the shores of Libya. "Next he visited the vast ruins of ancient Thebes. There yet remained on the towering piles Egyptian inscriptions, with a complete account of the city's past grandeur. One of the aged priests, who was desired to interpret the language of his country, related how once there had dwelt in Thebes 700,000 men of military age, and how with such an army Rhamses conquered Libya, Ethiopia, Media, Persia, Bactria, and Scythia, and held under his sway the countries inhabited by the Syrians, Armenians, and their neighbours, the Cappadocians, from the Bithynian to the Lycian Sea. There was also to be read what tributes were imposed on these nations, the weight of silver and gold, the tale of arms and horses, the gifts of ivory and of perfumes to the temples, and the amount of grain and supplies furnished by

A. D.

14.

each people, a revenue as magnificent as is now exacted by the might of Parthia or the power of Rome. But Germanicus also bestowed attention on other wonders. Chief of these were the stone image of Memnon, which, when struck by the sun's rays, gives out the sound of a human voice; the pyramids, rising up like mountains. amid almost impassable wastes of shifting sand; raised by the emulation and vast wealth of kings; the lake (ie., Moeris) hollowed out of the earth to be a receptacle for the Nile's overflow; and elsewhere the river's narrow channel and profound depth which no line of the explorer can penetrate. He then came to Elephantine and Syene, formerly the limits of the Roman empire, which now extends to the Red Sea."-Tacitus, book ii., 59-61 (Church and Brodribb).

The last prefect of Egypt appointed by Tiberius was Avillius Flaccus.

37. Caligula. A riot broke out in Alexandria, and

Flaccus was recalled. The mob made an effigy of Caligula, and took it about the streets with a paper cap on its head. In his reign a persecution of the Jews took place.

41. Claudius. Egypt was prosperous, and the Romans greatly developed the trade routes and irrigation

of the country.

54. Nero. In his reign Christianity was first preached in Egypt by Saint Mark. The Blemmyes made raids upon the southern frontier of Egypt. The Romans made an expedition to Meroë.

A.D.

69. Vespasian. He is said to have restored sight to a blind man. He was a tolerant man, and was present at the installation of an Apis Bull at Memphis. Jerusalem destroyed A.D. 70.

79. Titus.

82. Domitian causes temples to Isis and Serapis to be

built at Rome. During his reign there was a religious fight between the people of Tentyra and Ombos; an Ombite was caught, killed and eaten by the people of Tentyra.

96. Nerva.

98. Trajan. The Nile and Red Sea Canal (Amnis Trajânus) re-opened. The Greeks were besieged by the Jews in Alexandria, and were relieved by Marcius Turbo; the Jewish colony was almost annihilated. Turbo built the fortress of Babylon. 117. Hadrian. He founded the city of Antinoopolis in memory of his favourite Antinous, and made a road from it to Berenice on the Red Sea. visited Egypt twice.

138. Antoninus Pius.

He

161. Marcus Aurelius caused the famous Itinerary to be made. A revolt of the Bucolic troops took place.

180. Commodus.

193. Pertinax.

Didius Julianus.

Pescennius Niger.

193. Septimius Severus. He visited Egypt.

211. Caracalla visited Egypt, and caused a large number of young men to be massacred at Alexandria.

Geta.

F