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The Princess Sat-Amen, coffin and mummy.

The Scribe Senu, chief of the house of Nefertari, mummy.

Royal wife Set-ka-mes, mummy.

Royal daughter Mesḥentthemḥu, coffin and mummy.

Royal mother Aāḥ-ḥetep, coffin.

King Thothmes I., coffin usurped by Pi-netchem

King Thothmes II., coffin and mummy.

King Thothmes III., coffin and mummy.

Coffin and mummy of an unknown person.

XIXth Dynasty, B.C. 1400-1200.

King Rameses I., part of coffin.

King Seti I., coffin and mummy.

King Rameses II., coffin and mummy.

XXth Dynasty, B.C. 1200-1100.

King Rameses III., mummy found in the coffin of Nefertari.

XXIst Dynasty, B.C. 1100-1000.

Royal mother Netchemet.

High-priest of Åmen, Masaherthȧ, coffin and mummy.
High-priest of Amen, Pi-netchem III., coffin and mummy.
Priest of Åmen, Tcheṭ-Ptaḥ-auf-ankh, coffin and mummy.
Scribe Nebseni, coffin and mummy.

Queen Maat-ka-Rā, coffin and mummy.
Princess Åset-em-khebit, coffin and mummy.
Princess Nesi-Khonsu.

NININ

672

LUXOR TO ASWÂN.

Armant, or Erment, 458 miles from Cairo, on the west bank of the river, was called in Egyptian

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Annu qemāt," Heliopolis of the South";

it marks the site of the ancient Hermonthis, where, according to Strabo, "Apollo and Jupiter are both worshipped."

The ruins which remain there belong to the Iseion built during the reign of the last Cleopatra (B.C. 51-29). The stone-lined tank which lies near this building was probably used as a Nilometer.

Gebelên, i.e., the "double mountain," 468 miles from Cairo, on the west bank of the river, marks the site of the city called by the Grecks, Crocodilopolis, and by the

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Egyptians, Neter-het Sebek, A city must have stood here in very early times, for numerous objects belonging to the Early Empire have been, and are being, continually found at no great distance from the modern village. Below the ruins of the Egyptian town, quite close to the foot of the "double mountain," large numbers of flints belonging to the pre-dynastic period have been found, together with pottery both whole and broken.

Asfûn-al-Matâ'na, 475 miles from Cairo, on the west bank of the river, marks the site of the city of Asphynis, the In this neighbour

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hood was Pathyris, or Per-Het-bert

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of the Phatyrites nome, Per-Ḥet-her.

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Plan of Temple of Esna, with restorations by Grand Bey.

Asnå, or Esna, or Asneh, 484 miles from Cairo, on the west bank of the river, was called in Egyptian Senet; it marks the site of the ancient Latopolis, and was so called by the Greeks because its inhabitants worshipped the Latus fish. Thothmes III. founded a temple here, but the interesting building which now stands almost in the middle of the modern town is of late date, and bears the names of several of the Roman emperors. The portico is supported by twenty-four columns, each of which is inscribed; their capitals are handsome. The Zodiac here, like that at Denderah, belongs to a late period, but is interesting. The temple was dedicated to the god Khnemu, his wife Nebuut, and their offspring Kahrȧ.

In 1906 Mr. John Garstang completed the excavation of a site in the neighbourhood of Esna which has proved of considerable importance from the historical standpoint, inasmuch as it has provided what is possibly the most representative and complete series of Egyptian antiquities of the Hyksos Period. During the course of these excava tions a systematic exploration has been made of the desert lying to the south of Esna for a distance of sixty miles. In 1905 Professor Sayce carried out the excavation of a XIIth dynasty cemetery at Ad-Dêr, close to Esna, and he brought to light a number of antiquities which illustrate the characteristics of the local manufactures of the city called Latopolis by the Greeks and of its neighbourhood.

The next large village on the railway is Al-Maḥâmid, with 3,609 inhabitants, and on the opposite bank of the river is the ruined pyramid of Al-kula, which is probably the tomb of some prince or high official who lived in the city of Hierakonpolis, a few miles further south.

Al-Kâb, 502 miles from Cairo, on the east bank of the river, was called in Egyptian Nekheb; it marks

the site of the ancient Eileithyias. There was a city here in very ancient days, and ruins of temples built by Thothmes IV., Amenḥetep III., Seti I., Rameses II., Rameses III., Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. are still visible. A little distance from the town, in the mountain, is the tomb of Aāḥmes (Amāsis), the son of Abana, an officer born in the reign of Seqenen-Rã, who fought against the Hyksos, and who served under Amāsis I., Amenophis I., and Thothmes I. The inscription on the walls of his tomb gives an account of the campaign against some Asiatic enemies of Egypt and of the siege of their city. Amāsis was the "Captain-General of Sailors." It is an interesting text both historically and grammatically. For the text, with a translation, see above p. 249, ff.

The site of Al-Kâb is of considerable interest, for it is clear that the little town was at one time fortified in a remarkable manner; the town wall was, in many places, 40 feet thick, and some of the parts of it which still remain are 20 feet high. The tombs found here are of various kinds, e.g., mastabas either with square shafts or inclines, both made of unbaked brick; and numerous examples of burials in earthenware vessels, i.e., after the manner of the autochthonous inhabitants of Egypt, occur. Mr. Quibell made some extremely interesting excavations here in 1898, and in the course of his work he found a number of diorite bowls inscribed with the name of Seneferu, an early king of the IVth dynasty, a fact which proves that a town was in existence near the spot where they were found in the Early Empire. The small predynastic graves were found chiefly inside the fort of AlKâb, but there were a few outside the walls, and it was evident, from the positions of the bodies, and the style and character of the objects found in the graves, that they belonged to the same class of graves as those which were excavated by Messrs. de Morgan, Amélineau, and Petrie

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