Hufrat an-Naḥâs, in the Bahr al-Ghazâl, were seized for the Government by Helale, a native of Dâr Fûr. Between 1869 and 1873 Sir Samuel Baker led an expedition to the Upper Nile intending to suppress the slave trade, and to bring the countries south of Gondokoro under the rule of Egypt, to introduce navigation on the great Equatorial Lakes, and to foster trade and to open up new trade routes. He succeeded in establishing a number of fortified posts, and prepared the way for Egyptian rule: he was the first Englishman to fill a high post in the service of the Khedive. In 1874 Munzinger Bey annexed Senhît, on the Abyssinian frontier. In 1874 Colonel Gordon was appointed Governor of the Equatorial Provinces, and in the following year Zuber Pasha began the conquest of Dâr Fûr, and Harar, in Abyssinia, was annexed to Egypt. In 1876 war broke out between the Egyptians and Abyssinians; the latter were victorious, and made prisoner Ḥasan Pâshâ, the Khedive's son. In 1877 Colonel Gordon was made Governor-General of the Sûdân, and he suppressed a revolt in the Dâr Fûr province, and another in the Baḥr al-Ghazâl. The latter revolt was headed by Sulêmân, the son of Zubêr Pâshâ, and he was captured by Gessi Pâsha, who had him shot; Zuber laid his death at Gordon's door, and a very large proportion of the troubles which fell upon the Súdán subsequently were stirred up by him because of his hatred for Gordon personally, and for the power which he represented.

In 1881 Muḥammad Ahmad, better known as the Mahdi, declared himself. At the time the Sûdân, under the rule of Egypt, was a tract of country, about 1,650 miles long and 1,400 miles wide. It extended from Aswân to the Equator, and from Dâr Fûr to the Red Sea. In 1884 General Gordon was sent to arrange for the evacuation of the Sûdân, and to suppress the slave trade; on his way up to Khartûm he declared his mission, and by so doing practically sealed his own fate. He was besieged in

Khartum in April of the same year, and in August Great Britain determined to send a relief expedition. "A forlorn "hope of British soldiers is led the longest and the hardest "way round to the goal, along the line of greatest resistance, "but struggles manfully and heroically against heavy odds, "until it really is 'too late! Khartum succumbs, and "English chivalry loses its noblest representative." General Gordon was murdered on January 26th, 1885, a little before sunrise. Early in 1896 the reconquest of the Súdán was decided upon. On June 7th the Battle of Ferket was fought 1,000 Dervishes were killed or wounded, and 500 were made prisoners. On August 7th, 1897, the Dervish garrison at Abû Hamed was attacked by the Egyptians, and out of its 1,500 defenders 1,300 were killed or wounded. On April 8th, 1898, the Battle of the Atbara was fought, and the Dervish loss was 3,000 killed, and 2,000 were taken prisoners.

On September 2nd the Battle of Omdurman was fought; the Dervish loss was 11,000 killed, 16,000 wounded, amd 4000 were made prisoners. On September 4th the British and Egyptian flags were hoisted at Khartum, and a memorial service for General Gordon was held there: on the 19th the Egyptian flag was hoisted at Fashôda. On November 24th, 1899, General Sir F. R. Wingate pursued the Khalifa to Umm Dabrêkât, and after a fierce fight, in which the Dervishes lost 1,000 men killed, the Khalifa seated himself upon a sheepskin, and died with his Emirs, riddled with bullets. The death of the Khalifa was the death blow to Mahdiism. The cost of the Dongola campaign in 1896 was E.725,641; of the Wâdî ḤalfaKhartûm Railway £E.300,000, and of the military operations which resulted in the reconquest of the Sudan LE.1,328,713, in all £E.2,354,354. The agreement as to the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium in the Sûdân was signed in Cairo, January 19th, 1899, by H. E. Boutros

Ghali, and Lord Cromer. This agreement declares that the word "Sûdân" means all the territories south of the 22nd parallel of latitude; that the British and Egyptian flags shall be used together, both on land and water, throughout the Súdán, except in the town of Sawâkin, wherein the Egyptian flag alone shall be used; that the supreme military and civil command in the Sûdân shall be vested in one officer, termed the "Governor-General of the Sûdân"; that the jurisdiction of the Mixed Tribunals shall not extend, nor be recognized for any purpose whatsoever, in any part of the Sudan, except Sawâkin; that the importation of slaves into the Sûdân, as also their exportation, is absolutely prohibited, etc.

The "Capitulations" are not in force in the Sûdân, and there are no foreign Consuls.

The Egyptian Sûdân is bounded on the north by the 22nd parallel of North Latitude, on the south by the Lâdô Enclave and east of the Nile by the 5th parallel of North Latitude, on the east by the Red Sea and Abyssinia, and on the west by a line running through the Libyan Desert (defined by the Anglo-French Agreement of March, 1899), by Wadai, and by the watershed between the Congo and Shari on one side and the Nile on the other.* Its greatest length is 1,250 miles, its greatest width is 1,080 miles, and its area is about 1,006,000 square miles. Its capital is Kharțûm, 15° 36′ North Latitude, 32° 32' East Longitude. The Sûdân is administered by a Governor-General assisted by Mudirs, or Governors of Provinces, Inspectors and AssistantInspectors, and by native Ma'mûrs.

For administrative purposes the Sûdân is divided into fourteen Provinces, Eight First Class, and Six Second. These are:—

* See Gleichen, Handbook, vol. 1, p. 1.

First Class.

1. Dongola (Donkôla). Capital Merawi. Its other chief towns are New Dongola, Khandak, Dabba, and Kurti.

2. Berber. Capital Ad-Dâmar. Its other chief towns are Rubâțâb, Berber Town, Berber District, and Shendî.

3. Kharțûm. Capital Khartum. Its other chief towns are Omdurmân and Wad Ramla.

4. Sennaar. Capital Sengah. Its other chief towns are Ruşêres, Dindar, Dâr Fùng, and Abû Na‘âmah. 5. Fashôda (Upper Nile, or Kódók). Capital Kódók. Its other chief towns are Renk, Tawfikiya, and Sobat.

6. Bahr al-Ghazâl. Capital Wâw. Its other chief towns are Mashra' ar-Rîk, Dêm Zubêr, Shak Shak, Tông, Awrumbik, or Urumbik (Rumbek), and

Shâmbî.

7. Kordófán. Capital Al-Obed.* Its other chief towns are Bâra, Dûwêm, Khûrshi, Nahûd, Tayyara, Tandik, and Dillin.

8. Kasala. Capital Kasala. Its other chief towns are Kadiref and Ķallâbât.

Second Class.

1. Halfa. Capital Ḥalfa. Its other chief towns are Kôsha and Dulgo.

2. Gazira. Capital Wad Madani. The chief towns are Abú Dulêk, Kâmlin, Rugu'a, Masallamiya, and Managil.

3. Blue Nile. Capital Wâd Madani.

4. White Nile. Capital Dûwêm.

towns are Katêna, Kawa, Gadid, etc.

Its other chief

5. Mongalla. Capital Mongalla. This Province was formed of the portion of the old Upper Nile Province which lies south of North Latitude 7° 30′. It was created on January 1st, 1906.

6. Red Sea Province. Capital Sawȧkin. Chief towns, Tôkur and Port Sûdân.

Besides these may be mentioned the semi-independent kingdom of Dâr Fûr; its present king is 'Ali Dînâr, who pays an annual tribute to the Sûdân Government. Its capital is Al-Fasher.

The population of the Sûdân before the Dervish rule was estimated at 8,525,000, but at present Sir F. W. Wingate, the Governor-General of the Sûdân, thinks that it cannot be more than 1,853,000. The populations of the provinces and large towns, etc., were in 1903—