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short time the body became "a heap of mangled flesh." The Mahdi professed regret at Gordon's death, saying that he wished he had been taken alive, for he wanted to convert him. As soon as Gordon was murdered, "the man who was anxious about the safety of every one but himself," Khartûm was given up to such a scene of massacre and rapine as has rarely been witnessed even in the Sûdân ; those who wish to read a trustworthy account of it may consult Slatin Pâshâ's Fire and Sword in the Sûdân, p. 344 ff. On September 4th, 1898, Sir Herbert Kitchener and some 2,000 or 3,000 troops steamed over to Khartûm from Omdurmân and hoisted the English aud Egyptian flags amid cheers for Her Majesty Queen Victoria, and the strains of the Khedivial hymn, and the thunders of the guns from the gunboats. The rebuilding of the city began immediately after the arrival of the British, and the visitor can judge for himself of the progress made in this respect during the eight years of peace which have followed its occupation by a civilized power. Colonel Stanton, the Governor, says: During 1905 there was a steady and "general progress throughout the province and city of "Khartûm. The past year has seen the extension of the

steam tramways to Omdurmân, the construction of a new "carriage road to the Mogren Ferry, along the Blue Nile, and "a road from Khartûm North due east, to connect eventually "with Kassala. Plots of building land which two years ago "were bought and sold for

"changed hands at over

E.30 and £E.40 have this year E. 1,000."

The most noticeable building in Khartûm is the Palace of the Sirdar, built by Lord Kitchener on the site of the old palace, on the steps of which Gordon was speared. The British and Egyptian flags float over its roof, and two sentries guard its door, one British and one Sûdânî; by the wall on each side stands a 40-pounder siege gun, which was brought up to shell Omdurmân. The building can be

seen from a considerable distance, and the tribes of the south will regard it in the same way as the Egyptians regard the Citadel at Cairo, i.e., as the seat of the power which rules them.

After the Palace, the next most prominent building at Khartûm is the Gordon Memorial College (Director, Mr. James Currie),* a stately edifice which stands on the left bank of the Blue Nile a mile or so upstream in the suburb of Bûrî. The College is at once a worthy memorial of General Gordon, the hero of Khartum, a proof of Lord Kitchener's shrewdness and foresight, and the centre of the educational system of the Sûdân. In appealing to the British nation for means to build and endow the College, Lord Kitchener's general idea was "to give the most practical, useful education possible to the boys for their future in the Sûdân,” and he intended Arabic to be the basis of that education. The designer of the building was Fabricius Pâshâ, and the works were carried out by Colonel Friend, R.E., Director of Works. It was opened by Lord Kitchener on the 8th of November, 1902, in the presence of all the British officials in Kharṭûm, and all the native notables, official and otherwise. The College was originally intended to be a sort of "Higher Primary School" where education was to be given on the lines of the schools at Aswân and Wâdî Ḥalfa, but on the very day of opening it was clear that this intention would have to be modified. For during the opening ceremony a letter to Lord Cromer by Sir William Mather was read by Mr. James Currie, the Director of the College, in

* Patron: H. M. the King. President: Lord Kitchener. Hon. Treasurer: Lord Hillingdon. Hon. Sec: Baldwin S. Harvey, Esq. The Committee and Trustees are: Lord Kitchener, Sir Reginald Wingate (ex-officio), A. Falconer Wallace (ex-officio), Lord Cromer, Lord Rothschild, Lord Hillingdon, Lord Revelstoke, Sir Ernest Cassel, II. Colin Smith, Sir H. Craik, K.C.B., H. S. Wellcome, Esq., Sir W. Mather.

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which the writer announced a splendid gift to the College of "the equipment for a Department of Manual Training "and Technical Instruction, together with a Complete "Apparatus for the establishment of practical Workshops "in the College." This was an important gift, for it placed in the hands of Mr. Currie the means for turning out a regular supply of Carpenters, Fitters, and Smiths, besides youths who were sufficiently educated to be employed as clerks, etc. In June, 1904, the Governors of the College decided to devote the Beauchamp Bequest of £5,000 to a considerable extension of the Workshops. Before the building of the College was finished Mr. Henry S. Wellcome presented to the College an efficient analytical and bacteriological laboratory, equipped with all the necessary apparatus, and thus the scope of the education which was to be given in the Institution was enlarged considerably before teaching actually began. On turning to Mr. James Currie's Report and Accounts to 31st December, 1904, we find that hitherto the College, apart from the Laboratories, has been divided into three sections: a Primary School, a Training College for Schoolmasters and Judges in the Muḥammadan Courts, and the Instructional Workshops. The Primary School has reached its final form, and is now attended by 180 boys. The Boarding House is full, some 25 boys, many of them belonging to well-known and influential families, being in residence; it is being enlarged, and when the alterations are complete, 50 boys can be taken in. The Military School, intended for Sûdânî cadets, has made a good beginning. The Training College has also prospered, and a four years' curriculum is now in operation. The Instructional Workshops are doing excellent work in turning youths into Carpenters, Fitters, and Smiths. As the result of the publication of Sir William Garstin's Report on the Basin of the Upper Nile Mr. James Currie has thought out a scheme by which it will

be possible to train young men to become subordinate agents in the furtherance of the great schemes in connection with irrigation, on which the salvation of the country depends. He proposes to form (1) an ordinary secondary school in which a good general education would be provided, and (2) a small engineering school for the training of competent overseers of works and land surveyors. In furtherance of this scheme Lord Cromer has provided £11,500 for the building and furnishing of a new wing to the Gordon College. Thus the College has become a most useful factor in the development of the Sûdân, and, in Lord Cromer's words, "it may be asserted with confidence that the fore"sight shown by Lord Kitchener in founding it has been "justified by events." It has been decided that a portion of the staff of the Higher School shall be British, and Mr. Drummond, of the School of Agriculture in Egypt, and Mr. Simpson, Professor of Hebrew at Edinburgh, have been appointed. The Workshops are under the direction of Mr. S. C. Rhodes, the Chemical Laboratories are under Dr. Beam, and the Travelling Pathologist is Dr. Sheffield Neave. It has in some quarters been suggested that the general curriculum of the College is too utilitarian, but, as Mr. Currie says, it is essential to remember the character of the people with whom he is dealing. “A "people whose only ideal of higher education for centuries. "has consisted in the study of grammatical conundrums "and arid theological and metaphysical disputations, surely "needs the lesson that all truth apprehended intellectually "must first and foremost be honoured by use before it can "benefit the recipient." It is quite clear that the work of the College as an educational power, both from a theoretical and practical point of view is proceeding on the right lines, and the success already achieved speaks volumes in praise of Mr. Currie's prudent, judicious, and cautious management of the great Institution which has been committed to

his care. At the end of 1905 there were 1,533 boys under instruction at the various Government Schools in the Sûdân. Of these 392 were at the Gordon College, 229 at the Higher Elementary Schools, 29 at the Training Colleges at Omdurmân and Sawâkin, and 723 at the elementary vernacular schools, which have now been established at thirteen centres. As a proof of the general interest in education which exists among the people in certain parts of the Sûdân, Lord Cromer mentions that the principle of levying a rate for educational purposes has been sanctioned, and that a beginning will be made in the Blue Nile Province and in Sennaar.

Visitors to the College will find the Museum well worth a visit. In it are well exhibited most interesting series of specimens of the products of the Sûdân, with labels containing descriptions of the objects which are short and to the point. There are many memorials of the last months of General Gordon's life and not the least interesting are the lithographic stones and printing press whereon his Arabic proclamations were printed. The nucleus of a small collection of Egyptian and Meroïtic Antiquities has been formed here, and among these may be mentioned a fine statue and a stele of Usertsen III, the first Egyptian conqueror of the Sûdân, from the Island of Gazîrat al-Malik near Semnah; a statue of Khu-taui-Rã, a king of the XIIIth dynasty from Semnah; a statue of Sebek-em-ḥeb, of the XIIIth dynasty, a statue of the god Osiris from the temple built by Thothmes III at Semnah; a statue of Tcha-ab, a high official under the XVIIIth dynasty; a series of inscriptions, etc., from the Island of Sâi, Suwârda, etc.; inscriptions and reliefs from the temple of Tirhâkâh at Semnah; a large series of earthenware jars and other vessels, bones of animals, skulls, etc., from the Pyramids of Meroë; a group of painted vases of the Christian Period from Argin near Wâdi Halfa; pottery, etc., of the Christian

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