iv

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

APPENDIX TO BOOK II.

CHAPTER I.

"THE EGYPTIANS BEFORE THE REIGN OF THEIR KING PSAMMETICHUS BELIEVED

THEMSELVES TO BE THE MOST ANCIENT OF MANKIND."-Chap. 2. [G. W.]

1. The Egyptians from Asia. 2. Egyptian and Celtic. 3 Semitic character of

Egyptian. 4. Evidences of an older language than Zend and Sanscrit. 5.

Ba or Pa, and Ma, primitive cries of infants, made into father and mother.

6. m for b. 7. Bek not to be pronounced by an untutored child. 8. Bek,

name of bread in Egypt. 9. The story told to Herodotus. 10. Claim of the

Scythians to be an early race

CHAPTER II.

...

Page 275

"THE EGYPTIANS WERE THE FIRST TO DISCOVER THE SOLAR YEAR."-Chap. 4.

[G. W.]

1. The 12 months in Egypt. 2. Years of 360, 365, and 365 days. 3. The three

seasons. 4. Length of the year corrected. 5. Sothic year. 6. The year

of 365 days. 7. The dates of kings' reigns. 8. The Square or Sothic year.

9. The Lunar year. 10. The Arab year. 11. The Jewish year. 12. Inter-

calation of the Egyptians and Greeks...

CHAPTER III.

279

66 THE EGYPTIANS FIRST BROUGHT INTO USE THE NAMES OF THE TWELVE GODS

WHICH THE GREEKS ADOPTED FROM THEM."-Chap. 4. [G. W.]

1. Different orders of Gods. 2. The great Gods of the first order. 3. The

second order. 4. Place of Re, or the Sun. 5. Classification of the Gods.

6. Sabaism not a part of the Egyptian religion. 7. Pantheism. 8. Name

of Re, Phrah, and Pharaoh. 9. Position of Re in the second order.

10. Rank of Osiris. 11. Children of Seb. 12. The third order. 13. The

other most noted deities. 14. Other Gods. 15. Foreign divinities.

16. Chief God of a city and the triad. 17. Deities multiplied to a great

extent the unity. 18. Offices of the Deity-characters of Jupiter.

19. Resemblances of Gods to be traced from one original. 20. Subdivision

of the Deity-local Gods. 21. Personifications-Nature Gods. 22. Sacred

trees and mountains. 23. Common origin of religious systems. 24. Greek

philosophy. 25. Creation and early state of the earth.

284

1. Rise of the Nile 16 cubits. 2. Differed in different parts of Egypt. 3. Oldest

Nilometer. 4. The lowering of the Nile in Ethiopia by the giving way of

the rocks at Silsilis. 5. Ethiopia affected by it, but not Egypt below

Silsilis. 6. Other Nilometers and measurements. 7. Length of the Egyp-

tian cubit

Page 297

CHAPTER V.

THEY HAVE TWO QUITE DIFFERENT KINDS OF WRITING, ONE OF WHICH IS

CALLED SACRED, THE OTHER COMMON."-Chap. 36. [G. W.]

1. Hieratic and Demotic, the two sorts of letters written from right to left.

2. Hieroglyphics. 3. Three kinds of writing. 4. Hieratic. 5. Demotic, or

enchorial. 6. The three characters. 7. First use of demotic. 8. Of sym-

bolic hieroglyphics: the ikonographic. 9. The tropical. 10. The enigmatic.

11. Symbolic also put with phonetic hieroglyphics. 12. Determinatives after

the word, or name of an object. 13. Initial letters for the whole words, to

be called limited initial signs. 14. Distinct from other "mixed signs." 15.

Syllabic signs. 16. Medial vowel placed at the end of a word. 17. Earliest

use of hieroglyphics. 18. Mode of placing hieroglyphics. 19. First letter

of a word taken as a character. 20. Determinative signs. 21. They began

with representative signs. 22. The plural number. 23. Abstract ideas.

24. Phonetic system found necessary. 25. Some parts of the verb. 26.

Negative sign. 27. Invention of the real alphabetic writing Phoenician.

28. Greek letters. 29. Digamma originally written. 30. Sinaïtic inscrip-

tions not of the Israelites. 31. Tau used for the cross. 32. Materials used

for writing upon. 33. The papyrus
301

CHAPTER VI.

"GYMNASTIC CONTESTS."-Chap. 91. [G. W.]

1. Gymnastic contests. 2. Game of ball. 3. Thimble-rig and other games.

4. Mora and draughts. 5. Pieces for draughts. 6. Dice. 7. Other

games
319

CHAPTER VII.

"GEOMETRY FIRST CAME TO BE KNOWN IN EGYPT, WHENCE IT PASSED INTO

GREECE."-Chap. 109. [G. W.]

1. Greeks indebted to Egypt for early lessons in science. 2. Invention of geo-

metry. 3. Surveying, geography. 4. Early advancement of the Egyptians

in science. 5. Thales and others went to study in Egypt. 6. Pythagoras

borrowed much from Egypt. 7. Heliocentric system. 8. Revived by Coper.

nicus. 9. Pythagoras and Solon in Egypt. 10. Great genius of the Greeks.

11. Herodotus unprejudiced. 12. The dial. 13. The twelve hours. 14. The

division of the day by the Jews, Greeks, and Romans. 15. The Egyptians

had 12 hours of day and of night. 16. The week of seven days in Egypt.

17. The Aztec week of nine days. 18. The seven-day division in Egypt.

19. The number seven. 20. Division by ten. 21. Greek and Egyptian

month and year of three parts

ments.

CHAPTER VIII.

HISTORICAL NOTICE OF EGYPT. [G. W.]

Page 327

1. Fabulous period of history-Rule of the Gods-Name of Menes; supposed

to be Mizraim-Believed to be a real person by the Egyptians, and to have

founded Memphis. 2. This and Memphis-Egyptians from Asia-Memphis

older than Thebes. 3. Precedence of Upper Egypt. 4. Earliest notice of

Thebes-Absence of early buildings. 5. Contemporary kings-Arrange-

ment of the early dynasties. 6. Uncertainty of the early chronology-Date

of the Exodus. 7. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd dynasties-Menes and his successors.

8. In the second dynasty sacred animals worshipped; and women allowed

to hold the sceptre. 9. 4th and 5th dynasties. 10. Civilised customs in

the early Pyramid period-Mount Sinai-Shafre built the 2nd pyramid.

11. 6th dynasty-The prenomen of kings. 12. 7th, 8th, and 9th dynasties-

The Enentefs. 13. 11th dynasty-Contemporary kings. 14. 12th dynasty

-Osirtasen III. treated as a God. 15. The labyrinth. 16. The 13th

dynasty in Ethiopia. 17. Shepherd dynasties-The Hyk-sos expelled.

18. The 18th dynasty-The horse from Asia. 19. Thothmes I., II., and III.,

and Queen Amun-nou-het. 20. Conquests of Thothmes III.-His monu-

21. Amunoph III. and Queen Taia-The Stranger kings-Con-

quests of Amunoph III. 22. Country and features of the Stranger kings

-Related to Amunoph. 23. Expelled from Egypt. 24. King Horus.

25. The 19th dynasty-Remeses, Sethos, and Remeses the Great-Attack

and defence of fortresses-Pithom and Raamses-Canal to the Red Sea.

26. 20th dynasty-Remeses III.-His conquests and wealth-His sons.

27. 21st and 22nd dynasties-Priest kings. 28. Sheshonk, or Shishak-

Conquers Judæa--Name of Yudah Melchi (kingdom of Judah). 29. Kings'

names on the Apis stela. 30. The 23rd dynasty-Assyrian names of the

Sheshonk family. 31. The 24th dynasty-Bocchoris the Saïte-Power of

Assyria increasing. 32. The 25th dynasty of the Sabacos and Tirhaka.

33. The 26th dynasty-Psammetichus succeeded Tirhaka-Correction of the

chronology-He married an Ethiopian princess. 34. War of Psammetichus

and desertion of his troops. 35. Succeeded by Neco. 36. Circumnaviga-

tion of Africa-Defeat of Josiah. 37. Power and fall of Apries-Probable

invasion of Egypt and substitution of Amasis for Apries by Nebuchad-

nezzar. 38. Amasis-Flourishing state of Egypt-Privileges granted to the

Greeks-Treaty with Croesus-Persian invasion. 39. Defeat of the Egyp-

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

tians-Conduct of Cambyses at first humane.

vii

40. Egypt became a
Persian province-27th or Persian dynasty-Revolt of the Egyptians.
41. 28th and 29th dynasties of Egyptians. 42. 30th dynasty of Egyptians
-Nectanebo II. defeated. 43. Ochus recovered Egypt. 44. Duration of
the Egyptian kingdom

NOTE. [G. R. 1875.]

Page 335

394

HISTORY OF HERODOTUS.

THE THIRD BOOK, ENTITLED THALIA.

Causes of quarrel between Persia and Egypt-Nitetis story (1-3). Aid lent by
Phanes (4). Passage of the Desert (5-9). Invasion of Egypt-Psammeni-
tus king (10). Murder of the children of Phanes-Battle of Pelusium (11).
Egyptian and Persian skulls (12). Siege and capture of Memphis-sub-
mission of the Libyans and Cyrenæans (13). Treatment of Psammenitus
(14, 15). Treatment of the body of Amasis (16). Expeditions planned by
Cambyses (17, 18). Phoenicians refuse to attack Carthage (19). Embassy
to the Ethiopians (20-24). Expedition fails (25). Failure of the expedi
tion against Ammon (26). Severities of Cambyses towards the Egyptians
(27-29). His outrageous conduct towards the Persians (30-35). His
treatment of Croesus (36). His madness (37, 38). History of Polycrates
-his connection with Amasis (39-43). He sends ships to assist Cambyses
(44). Revolt of the crews-Samos attacked (45). Aid sought from Sparta
and Corinth (46, 47). Story of Periander (48-53). Siege of Samos (54-56).
Fate of the rebels (57-59). Wonders of Samos (60). Revolt of the Magi
-usurpation of the Pseudo-Smerdis (61). The news reaches Cambyses-
his wound, speech, and death (62-66). Reign of the Magus (67). His
detection by Otanes (68, 69). Otanes conspires-arrival of Darius (70).
Debate of the conspirators (71-73). Fate of Prexaspes (74, 75). Over-
throw of the Magi (76.79). Debate on the best form of government
(80-82). Decision of Otanes (83). Privileges of the Six (81). Darius
obtains the kingdom (85-87). His wives (88). Division of the Empire
into twenty Satrapies (89-93). Amount of the tribute (94-97). Customs of
the Indians (98-105). Productiveness of the earth's extremities (106-116).
The river Aces (117). Fate of Intaphernes (118, 119). Story of Orotes
and Polycrates (120-125). Punishment of Oroetes (126-128). Democêdes
of Crotôna cures Darius (129, 130). His former history (131). His in-
fluence-he cures Atossa (132, 133). Atossa at his instigation requests
Darius to invade Greece (134). Persians sent to explore the coasts-
Democêdes escapes (135-138). Persian expedition against Samos to estab-
lish Syloson (139-149). Revolt, and reduction of Babylon by the stratagem
of Zopyrus (150-158). Punishment of the rebels (159). Reward of Zopyrus
(160)
401

viii

CONTENTS OF VOL. II,

APPENDIX TO BOOK III.

ESSAY I.

ON THE WORSHIP OF VENUS URANIA THROUGHOUT THE EAST, [G. W.]

1. Alilat.-Mylitta or Alitta, from weled, "to bear children." 2. Had different

names in different countries, 3. A Nature-Goddess, 4. The Syrian God-

dess. 5. The Paphian Venus, or Urania, identified with Astarte and

Anaitis. 6. Tanat, or Anata. 7. Diana of Ephesus. 8. The mother and

child. 9. Alitta and Elissa. 10. Gods of the Khonds. 11. Maut the

mother. 12. Juno-Lucina, Diana, and Astarte. 13. Europa and Cadmus.

14. Semiramis the dove. 15. Derceto or Atargatis. 16. Athara and

Athor. 17. Inscription at Caervorran, and names of the Syrian Goddess.

18. Figure of Astarte. 19. Baal, Moloch, and other deities of Syria, 20.

Arcles, Melicertes, or Hercules. 21. Rimmon, and other Syrian deities-

Some introduced into Egypt

ESSAY II.

Page 537

ON THE MAGIAN REVOLUTION, AND THE REIGN OF THE PSEUDO-SMERDIS.

1. Ordinary theory on the subject-the revolution a Median outbreak, 2.

Proofs to the contrary-(i.) from the inscriptions-(ii.) from the general

tenor of ancient history. 3. Unsound basis of the theory-the Magi not

Medes. 4. The revolution really religious. 5. Proof of this from the

Inscriptions. 6. Religious ideas connected with the name of Darius

ESSAY III.

548

ON THE PERSIAN SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATION AND GOVERNMENT.

1. Uniformity of Oriental Governments. 2. Satrapial system of Persia. 3.

Danger of revolt-safeguards. 4. Power and wealth of the Satraps.

5. Institution of Royal Judges. 6. Fixity of the royal revenue. 7. The

border Satraps. 8. Extra-satrapial dependencies. 9. Satrapies not always

geographically continuous. 10. Modes by which the subjection of the

conquered races was maintained-(i.) Disarming-(ii.) Transplantation-

(iii.) Maintenance of a standing army. 11. Position and power of the

Monarch. 12. Privileges of the Persians. 13. Gradations of rank among

them

555