Used in apposition-"His kindness gave me the hope that I could succeed after all."

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate.

A main or principal clause expresses a complete thought. A dependent or subordinate clause does not express a complete thought when it is used alone. Such a clause always does the work of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

II

CLAUSES THAT MODIFY A NOUN

What is a dependent or subordinate clause? Find the subordinate clause in each of the following senWhat word does each clause modify?

tences.

kind of clause is each one?

What

1. On Monday our school played basketball with the school that won the trophy last year.

2. The girls who represented our school belonged to the first team.

3. The goals that we made during the first part of the game cheered us greatly.

4. The player of whom we were most afraid was a little fair-haired girl on the other side.

5. She threw balls which were hard for our guards to stop. 6. The girl whose play really won the game for us was one of our goal throwers.

7. It was she who made the last goal, which decided the game in our favor.

8. The boy who lives next door is a friend of mine.

9. This is the man who did the work.

When a clause modifies a noun or pronoun, it plays the part of an adjective and is called an adjective or adjectival clause.

III

CLAUSES THAT MODIFY A VERB

Read the dependent clauses in the following sentences. What word does each clause modify? What kind of clauses are they? With what parts of speech do they begin?

1. When we see a nation's flag, we think of the nation itself.

2. When the Stars and Stripes wave on high, we see the United States.

3. We should do our duty as citizens although it takes our valuable time.

4. He studied as if his life depended on getting his lesson. 5. While we doubted the results, we hoped for the best. 6. We follow wherever he leads.

7. We salute our flag with reverence as it passes by.

8. We love our flag because it stands for freedom and justice.

When a clause modifies a verb, it plays the part of an adverb and is called an adverb or adverbial clause.

Oral exercise.

Point out the subordinate clause in each of the following complex sentences and tell what word in the principal clause it modifies. Tell whether the subordinate clause in each sentence is an adjectival, an adverbial, or a substantive (noun) clause, and why. 1. The baseball game which we saw yesterday was won by our school.

2. The train arrived from the south while we were waiting.

3. The man who invented the cotton gin was Eli Whitney. 4. Captain Scott, the English explorer, died when he was overcome by the Antarctic blizzards.

5. I hurried to school when the bell rang.

6. My sister helped mother set the table while I waited for dinner.

7. The fire which burned the house was started by carelessness.

8. I listened for the bluebird which flew into the tree. 9. My ball is lying where I threw it.

10. When I saw the automobile stop, I ran to meet my father.

11. The boys who won the game celebrated their victory. 12. Evils that cannot be cured must be endured.

13. When summer comes, the flowers bloom.

14. They must remain because they do not know their lessons.

15. Work while you work, and play while you play. 16. He did not come, although he promised he would. 17. You must do this whether you like it or not.

18. Christianity teaches us to love our neighbors as we love ourselves.

19. Where we shall go this summer has not yet been decided.

20. It is my hope that he will succeed.

21. We have had many discussions about what we shall do when we grow up.

1. Make a list of the words which begin these clauses. 2. Write sentences using dependent clauses beginning with these words. Underscore the clauses.

49. INTRODUCTORY ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

How is the dependent clause used in the sentence, I shall come when the bell rings.

When the bell rings, I shall come.

In the first sentence, the dependent clause is in its natural place, immediately following the word come, which it modifies.

In the second sentence, the dependent clause has been removed from its natural position and placed before the rest of the sentence. Since the clause in this case is out of its natural order, it must be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.

When an adverbial clause introduces a sentence, it must be followed by a comma.

Exercise. Explain the punctuation of the following clauses. Rearrange each sentence, showing the dependent clause in its natural position. What change in punctuation is required in writing the rearranged sentences?

1. If we stand firm, we shall not fail.

2. When they are real, friendships are not easily broken. 3. After we were seated, the farmer bowed his head and asked a blessing.

4. As the bell stopped ringing, a long procession of boys filed solemnly through the door.

5. Because I never fully mastered this rule for the comma, I must always take great pains to search out this kind of

sentence.

6. Although he studies hard, John never makes brilliant recitations.

7. While John and William kindled a fire, Harry drove in the tent pegs.

8. Since the rain would come through the tent wherever the fly touched it, all the boys pulled the fly as taut as possible.

9. Since city boys have had the opportunity to join Scout troops, many formerly ill-spent hours have been filled with worth-while occupations.

10. When I was halfway across the trail, a black bear rose on his hind legs not ten feet from me.

Notice that the adverbial clause may precede the subject of the second member of a compound sentence. This is apt to escape your notice in using the comma; for example: "I raised the gun to my shoulder, and as the bear rose to his hind legs, I fired."

Exercise. Punctuate the following sentences where commas are needed. Observe 9 and 10 carefully. Is more than one comma needed? Why?

1. My parents lived in this house when I was born. 2. Since you are so anxious to know I will tell you.

3. Unless it rains we will go.

4. He came at a time when I was too busy to talk to him. 5. He acts as if he were guilty.

6. Because he was too ambitious Cæsar fell.

7. Although he was surrounded by gold King Midas was without food or drink.

8. As the twig is bent the tree is inclined.

9. We. climbed for several hours and when we finally reached the top we were exhausted,

10. Far away in the wood the men raised their heads at the sound of the bell and when the second peal came they started for the blockhouse.

Write five sentences containing adverbial clauses in natural or normal positions, i. e., following the verb. Rewrite your sentences, making your clauses introductory, and punctuate them properly.

Did you misspell any of the words that are in your personal spelling list?

Assignment for fast workers. Find a paragraph in your history or geography textbook which contains several adjectives. See whether you can rewrite the