paragraph, changing some of the adjectives to phrases and some to clauses. For example: The Puritans wore homespun cloaks, wide-brimmed hats, and untanned leather boots. The Puritans wore cloaks of homespun, hats with wide brims, and boots that were made of untanned leather. Practice varying your adjective modifiers in this way. It will greatly improve your style in composition. Test Drill 1. What is a clause? 2. How does a clause differ from a phrase? 3. How can you decide whether a clause is independent or subordinate? 4. Into what three classes are subordinate clauses divided according to their use in the sentence? 5. Classify all the clauses in the following sentence. Are they independent or subordinate? Do they do the work of adjectives, adverbs, or nouns? "John, who had learned his trade with a ship builder, determined that he would sail around the world when he was twenty-one." Assignment for fast workers. Make an outline of some poem in the back of this book or of a poem in your reader. 50. KINDS OF SENTENCES I THE SIMPLE SENTENCE Sentences containing only one subject and one predicate express only one thought completely. A simple sentence contains only one subject and one predicate, either or both of which may be compound. Here are examples of simple sentences. different types of subjects and predicates: Note the 1. The children danced gaily around the Maypole. 2. Twenty boys and fifteen girls received diplomas at graduation. 3. The nurse patiently watched and waited. 4. The boys and girls of the village planned and conducted a Community Social. Write five sentences containing one subject and one predicate. Write five sentences containing compound subjects. Write five sentences containing compound predicates. Write five sentences containing compound subjects and compound predicates. II THE COMPOUND SENTENCE Notice the following sentences: 1. The man stepped into the car, and the chauffeur started the engine immediately. 2. James started the Victrola, and they all listened to the music. 3. I would come today, but Charles is away from home. Do you notice any difference between these sentences and the simple sentences that you have been studying? A simple sentence contains but one complete thought. Do the sentences just quoted contain only one thought, or do they contain more than one thought? In the first sentence could you put a period at the end of the word car and have a simple sentence expressing a complete thought? Does the second part of the sentence also contain a complete thought? In the first two sentences the two complete thoughts are connected by the word and; in the third sentence by the word but. The three sentences given on page 106 are not simple sentences, therefore, but are compound sentences. A compound sentence is a sentence which is made up of two or more complete thoughts joined together by a conjunction, expressed or understood. Exercise. Point out the independent parts of the compound sentences in the following examples: 1. He spoke in the auditorium, and the students listened carefully. 2. Arthur united the kingdom, and the knights promised to support their king. 3. The light flashed in the windows, and the tramp of feet was heard in the hall. 4. The firemen spread the net, and the man jumped in safety from the window. 5. The boy asked for the books, but the librarian could not find the books that had been named. Be sure not to get the compound subject or the compound predicate of a simple sentence confused with the compound sentence. In the sentence, "The boy and the dog ran down the road," the words boy and dog are together the subject of ran. In the sentence, "The man laughed and chuckled," the words laughed and chuckled refer to the single subject man. In the sentence, “He spoke in the auditorium, and the students listened carefully," he is the subject of spoke, and students is the subject of listened. The sentence contains two complete thoughts, but they are connected by the word and, thus making one sentence. Exercise. In the following sentences, decide which are simple and which are compound and tell why: 1. The door opened and she tripped lightly in. 2. They burned the villages and killed the inhabitants. 3. Arthur and his knights fought battles and won victories. 4. The heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament showeth his handiwork. 5. The boy found the pencil and gave it to the teacher. 6. Charles and Howard won the race. 7. Billy pushed forward with all his might, and placed the ball over the goal line. 8. The child skipped and ran down the street. 9. Sir Galahad and Lancelot sat near each other. 10. The boys rowed a fast race, but all fell in a faint at the end of the course. 11. The people loved and honored the president. 12. Robin Hood and his band were a merry group of men. 13. Family pictures are usually failures, and ours no exception. 14. The man stopped and talked to the boy. 15. The woman asked for an Evening Ledger, but the boy did not have one. Test Drill. Write three sentences containing compound subjects. Write three sentences containing compound predicates. Write three compound sentences. What is a simple sentence? What is a compound sentence? III THE COMPLEX SENTENCE 1. Alaska belongs to the United States. 2. Oranges are grown in California. These are simple sentences. Why? Remember that your simple sentences must have only one subject and one predicate. Write three simple sentences. 1. The sun rises and the men go to work. 2. The rain falls and the grass grows. These are compound sentences. Why? Name the conjunction in each sentence. Tell the two complete thoughts that this conjunction connects. Write three compound sentences. 1. Good citizens answer when duty calls. 2. If you read each day, you will enrich your vocabulary. 3. This is the man who saved the life of his friend. You see that these sentences resemble compound sentences in that each has two clauses. Notice, however, this difference: the clauses in the compound sentences are of equal importance and could be used as simple sentences by merely omitting the conjunctions. When you try to make simple sentences out of the two clauses of 1 these are the results: First clause: Good citizens answer. You see that when duty calls fails to meet the requirement of every sentence that of expressing a thought completely. The second clause of 1, therefore, can |