writer can in a whole page. John Bull, the synonym for Great Britain, certainly doesn't look like a typical Englishman, but he does stand for certain typically British traits.

Another familiar cartoon is Old Mother Earth, whose patience is so often sorely tried by the squabbles of her erring children. Why do you think it appropriate for her to have a globe for a head?

What is the cartoonists' symbol for France? How is Russia represented? China? Mexico?

Oral work. Bring to class a number of cartoons. Be prepared to explain in a few words the meaning of the one your teacher selects.

Written work. Select a cartoon which represents a political party of the United States. Write a simple description of it.

46. WRITING LETTERS

A person is judged almost as much by the kind of letter he writes as he is by the kind of language he uses in his everyday speech. After you have finished your schooling you will find that the writing which most of you will do will be in the form of letters. It is very necessary, therefore, that you learn to write letters accurately, interestingly, and convincingly. Millions of letters are written every day in America. These include social or friendly letters and business letters.

Just as there are certain rules that must be followed in playing a game of baseball, football, or basketball,

so there are rules governing the writing of a letter. Every letter consists of five parts: (a) the Heading; (b) the Salutation; (c) the Body of the Letter; (d) the Complimentary Close; (e) the Signature.

The following model will illustrate the arrangement of the five parts of a friendly letter.

(Heading)

368 La Salle Street Chicago, Illinois April 9, 192

(Salutation)

Dear Mr. Jacobs,

(Body of letter).

(Complimentary Close) Yours very sincerely,

(Signature) James E. Philips

Note the arrangement of the items on the model envelope as shown below:

From James E. Philips,

368 La Salle St.

Chicago, Illinois

Mr. Stewart K. Jacobs

245 Main Street

Keene, New Hampshire

THE LETTER

1. The heading. Notice that the heading gives the name of the place where the letter is written and the date of the writing. If the street address and the name of the town or city are short they may sometimes be written in one line. The date should always be placed last and on a line by itself. In punctuating the heading, no periods are used, except in the case of an abbreviation. Commas should be placed after the name of the town or city and after the day of the month. Note the following headings:

Write out in proper form the following headings:

612 State Street Indianapolis Indiana July 7 1917 196 Conklin Avenue Binghampton New York August 16 1921 1618 Broadway New York City N Y June 21 1918 617 Main Street St Paul Minn December 24 1920 348 Chestnut Street Philadelphia Pa October 23 1922

Be

Make up three other headings of your own. careful that you spell all the words correctly and that you use the proper punctuation. Always check

your work.

Check your personal spelling list.

2. The salutation. Notice that the salutation is usually placed one line below the heading and about a half inch from the left margin of the page. In friendly letters of an intimate nature, either Dear or My dear, followed by the friend's first name, is generally used; as Dear Charles, Dear Mary, My dear Mother, etc. In a letter a little less friendly in nature the following form is used: Dear Mr. Williams, Dear Doctor Johnson. More formal still is the form My dear Miss Simpers, My dear Professor Calvin.

In writing to strangers or to those with whom one is but little acquainted, the terms Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Dear Madam, are used. The term Dear Madam is used for either a married or an unmarried woman. Unless the word Dear begins the salutation it should not be capitalized.

Words used instead of the name of the person should begin with a capital; as Dear Uncle, Dear Brother, My dear Aunt.

In friendly letters it is customary to place a comma after the salutation: as, My dear Mother, etc. The salutation in a more formal letter or in a business letter is followed by a colon: as, My dear Mr. Jones: Dear Sirs: Gentlemen:. The abbreviations Mr. and Mrs. are the only ones that should be used in the salutation of friendly letters and these should be followed by a period.

The terms, Dear Friend and Kind Friend, are not considered good form.

3. The body of the letter. The body of the letter is the principal part of the letter. This contains the

message of the one who is writing it. The first line should begin on the space below the salutation and should be indented about an inch from the left margin.

The body of a letter is arranged exactly like a short story. It is paragraphed in the same manner and the first word of each paragraph is indented in the same way as in a short story, one inch from the margin.

4. The complimentary close. The complimentary close is placed at the end of the body of the letter and usually a little to the right of the middle of the page.

Friendly letters usually end with such forms as, Affectionately yours, Lovingly yours, Sincerely yours, Very sincerely yours, Cordially yours, Your loving daughter, Your friend, Yours respectfully.

A comma should be placed after the complimentary close. Only the first word of the complimentary close should begin with a capital. Avoid using a complimentary close like the following: "Hoping you are well, I am," or "I remain," etc. Such expressions have been very much overdone.

5. The signature. Notice that the signature is written below the complimentary close and a little to the right, with no end punctuation. In order that the person to whom the letter is written may have no doubt as to the exact address of the writer (when the writer is a married woman) the latter should sign her own name in the usual place and then directly below her signature or toward the left margin of the page she should write the form of address she wishes to be used. The following will