first who was tried and executed. He difplayed great prefence of and fuffered with the utmoft firmnefs and fortitude.

As if to erase this ftain from the annals of the British navy, of admiral Duncan, confifting principally of the fhips which ha engaged in this unhappy and difgraceful mutiny, failed foon watch the motions of the Dutch fleet in the Texel, where it ret for fome time blockaded, till, on its venturing out, an enga enfued, in which the English fleet obtained a complete victory, the Dutch admiral De Winter, the vice-admiral, and nine fhips In confequence of this fignal victory, admiral Duncan was viscount Duncan; and on account of this and the other naval fo of the war, the 19th of December was appointed to be obferve thanksgiving day, on which day his majesty and both houses of p ment went in folemn proceffion to St. Paul's, to return thanks to ven for the victories gained by his fleets.

In the course of this year, another attempt was made by the B cabinet to negotiate a treaty of peace with France. The prelimin of a peace between the French republic and the emperor having figned at Leoben, in the month of April, by which the Netherl were given up to France, the difficulty which had broken off the negotiation appeared to be in fome measure removed, and applica were again made to the French government for paffports for a pi who might enter into difcuffions relative to the bafis of a future to Lord Malmesbury was again appointed to this miffion; but the Fr directory objected to his coming to Paris, and appointed Lifle fa place of the conference with commiffioners they fent thither for purpose. What the Netherlands, however, had been in the forme tempt to treat, the Cape of Good Hope and Ceylon proved in the fent; and, after a ftay of nearly three months, lord Malmesbury, being able to declare himself empowered to confent to the furrende all the conquefts made from France or her allies, was abruptly ordi to depart, and, on the zoth of September, returned as before, having effected the object of his miffion.

In the following month, the definitive treaty between the French public and the emperor was concluded and ratified; and the Fre having little other employment for their armies, began to talk o of an immediate invafion of England. The directory affembled a L army along the coafts oppofite to Great Britain, which they called army of England; and a variety of idle reports were propagated rela to preparations faid to be making in the ports of France; among ot that rafts of an enormous fize and peculiar conftruction were build for the conveyance of troops. The British ministry did not fuffer h ridiculous exaggerations, nor even the evident abfurdity and rafhn 3 any attempt at an invafion of England, in the face of a fleet fo decidfuperior to that of every enemy united, to produce an improper fecu.. but took fuch meafures of precaution as were moft proper for the g defence of the kingdom, and to guard the different parts of the cou from the mischievous confequences of a fudden attack. But the ta. of the enemy were not even attempted to be carried into execution. the directory foon after turned their views towards another quar the globe, by fitting out, at Toulon, a formidable expedition, s about the latter end of May, failed for Egypt, under the comma the celebrated Buonaparte, probably with a view to prepare the wa the conqueft of that country, for an attack on the British fettl in India.

In the course of the preparations made for the invafion of England, a number of tranfports had been fitted out at Flushing, and fome other of the ports of Holland, which were to come round by the canals to Dunkirk and Oftend, in order to avoid the British cruizers. An expedition was therefore fitted out in May 1798, under the command of captain Home Popham, and major-general Coote, which landed a body of troops at Oftend, who blew up and entirely deftroyed the fluice-gates and works of the canal at that place, and burnt feveral veffels that were intended for traníports. Unfortunately, when the troops were ready to reimbark, the wind had changed, and the fea ran fo high, that it was found to be impoffible; and the enemy, in the mean time, collected round them in fuch force, that general Coote, and thofe who had landed with him, amounting to nearly a thousand men, were obliged to furrender themselves prifoners.

Towards the latter end of this year, intelligence was received of the moft brilliant victory ever gained at fea, even by the British navy, which has obtained fuch unequalled glory, on fo many occafions, in the courfe of the prefent war. On the firft of August, admiral fir Horatio Nelfon, who had been detached by earl St. Vincent, in purfuit of the French flect which, as was mentioned above, failed from Toulon in May, having received a reinforcement of ten fail of the line, arrived off the mouth of the Nile, where he found the enemy, and immediately made difpofitions for an attack. The French fleet was at anchor in the bay of Aboukir. The admiral's fhip carried a hundred and twenty guns, and above a thousand men; three had eighty guns each, and nine had feventy-four. They were drawn up near the fhore in a strong and compact line of battle, flanked by four frigates and mauy gun-boats, and protected in the van by a battery planted in a fmall ifland. Their fituation, therefore, was extremely advantageous for defence; but the great danger of an attack did not deter the British admiral from making the attempt. He had as many fhips of the line as the French commander, and he ftrengthened his line by the introduction of a fhip of fifty guns; bat in approaching the enemy, he was deprived of the affiftance of the Culloden, as it ftruck upon a fhoal, from which it could not be extricated before the next morning. Three other veffels were haftily advancing in its rear; but the accident warned them of the danger, and they were fo fortunate as to avoid the fhoal. The admiral was extremely · defirous to break the line of the French, and furround a part of the fleet, and he ably executed his purpofe. At fun-fet the engagement commenced; and both parties fought with the utmoft fury. While the victory was yet undecided, the French admiral Brueys received two wounds, and, having changed his fituation, was, foon after, deprived of lite by a cannon fhot. When the action had continued for two hours, two of the French fhips were captured; a third struck foon after; and the whole van was in the power of the English, who eagerly proceeded to a completion of their victory. About nine at night, a fire was obferved on board L'Orient, the French admiral's fhip, which increased with great rapidity till about ten o'clock, when the blew up with a dreadful explosion. An awful paufe and filence for about three minutes fucceeded, when the wreck of the mafts and yards, which had been carried to a vast height, fell down into the water, and on board the fu: rounding fhips. After this awful fcene, the engagement was profecuted at intervals till day-break; and only two of the French fhips of the line, and two frigates, efcaped capture or deftruction. Nine fail of the line were taken, and one, befides L'Orient, was burned, her own

captain fetting fire to her. A frigate alfo was burned by her com mander. Captain Hood, in the Zealous, purfued the retiring veffels; but he was foon recalled by the admiral, as none of the ships could fupport him in the chace.

This fignal victory not only gave the British fleet the entire command of the Mediterranean, but appeared to infufe fresh courage into all the powers on the continent to renew their exertions against France. The Turks declared war with the Republic, and the king of Naples attacked and took poffeffion of Rome, then in the power of the French. But the reverfe he afterwards experienced, and the other events of the campaign in Italy will be related in our fummary of the affairs of France.

About the fame time that intelligence of this glorious victory was received, fir John Borlafe Warren defeated, off the coaft of Ireland, a French fquadron confifting of one ship of the line, the Hoche, and eight frigates, with troops and ammunition on board. On the 11th of October they were defcried by the British fquadron. At half paft seven on the morning of the 12th the action commenced; and at eleven, the Hoche, after a gallant defence, ftruck: the frigates then made fail away, and the fignal for a general chace was immediately made by the admiral. After a running fight of five hours, three of the frigates were captured; and three others afterwards became prizes. Thus the whole fquadron, two frigates excepted, fell into the hands of the British; and the hopes of the French, as well as of the malcontents in Ireland, were completely defeated.

To complete the fucceffes of the year, the fortrefs of Ciudadella, and the island of Minorca, furrendered on the 15th of November to general Stuart and commodore Duckworth. This acquifition was made without the lofs of a man.

In the beginning of May, 1799, a new war having taken place in India with Tippoo Saib, Seringapatam, his capital, was taken, and himfelf killed in the affault, by the British troops under the command of lieutenant-general Harris. Of the capture of this important place, and the confequent addition of the greater part of the Myfore country to the territory of the Eaft-India company, a further account will be found in our history of the British tranfactions and conquefts in Hindoostan.

In the month of Auguft following, an expedition was fitted out in the Weft Indies under the command of lieutenant-general Trigge, and vice-admiral lord Hugh Seymour, confifting of two ships of the line, five frigates, and feveral tranfports carrying ftores and provifions: it arrived on the 16th of that month off the mouth of the river Surinam ; when the fort New Amfterdam, and the town of Paramaribo, the capital of the Dutch colony of Surinam, furrendered by capitulation to the British commanders without attempting refiftance.

But the principal military operation undertaken by Great Britain, in this year, was the expedition fitted out to rescue Holland from the yoke of the French, in which about 30,000 British troops were employed, who were joined in Holland by 17,000 Ruffians, taken into the pay of England. The firft divifion of this armament, under fir Ralph Aber. crombie, failed from Deal and Margate on the 13th of Auguft, for the Helder-point, at the mouth of the Texel; but encountered fuch unfavourable and violent gales, that the troops could not effect a landing at the place of their deftination till the morning of the 27th. A hotly contested action then took place between the British and the French and Dutch troops; but the valour of the former ultimately triumphed; and the enemy evacuated the batteries and works of the Helder; and seven

Dutch men of war and thirteen Indiamen furrendered to the fleet under admiral Mitchell, who immediately after stood down into the Texel, and offered battle to the Dutch fleet lying there, the whole of which, confifting of twelve fhips of war, furrendered to the English admiral, the Dutch failors refufing to fight, and compelling their officers to give up their fhips for the fervice of the prince of Orange.

On the 13th the duke of York arrived in Holland, with the fecond divifion, and took upon him the command of the army; and on the 19th an engagement took place between the British and Ruffians, and the French, in which the former failed in their attack, in confequence of the Ruffians fuffering themselves to be thrown into diforder by their impetuofity and hafte, which occafioned them to fuffer feverely-their lofs amounting to 1500 men, and their general, who was taken prifoner. The army, however, foon recovered from the effects of this check, and, on the 2d of October, after a hard-fought battle of twelve hours, compelled the enemy to retreat, and took poffeffion of the town of Alkmaar. But here the fuccefs of the expedition terminated. The enemy had received à reinforcement of about 6,000 men, and occupied a ftrongly fortified pofition, which it would be neceffary to carry before the army could advance; befides which, the state of the weather, the rained condition of the roads, and the confequent total want of the fupplies neceflary for the army, prefented fuch infurmountable difficulties, that in two days afterwards it was judged expedient to withdraw the troops from their advanced pofition; and as it now appeared that there could be no hope of fuccefs in any attempt to profecute further the object of the expedition, the duke, in conjunction with vice-admiralMitchell, concluded an armiftice with general Brune, who commanded the French and Batavian armies, the principal conditions of which were, that eight thousand French and Batavian prifoners, taken before that campaign, fhould be restored to their respective countries; that the combined English and Ruffian army should evacuate the territory, coafts, islands, and internal navigation of the Dutch republic, by the 30th of November, 1799, without committing any devaftation by inundations, cutting the dykes, or otherwife injuring the fources of navigation; and that the mounted batteries taken poffeffion of at the Helder, or at other positions, should be reftored in the state in which they were taken, or, in cafe of improvement, in the ftate in which they then were, together with all the Dutch artillery taken in them.

Such was the termination of an expedition, the failure of which, when it was planned, was confidered as almoft impoffible; and which, in fact, commenced with fuch brilliant advantages, and fo fair a profpect of complete fuccefs. Yet it muft not be forgotten, that the capture of the Dutch fleet has nearly annihilated the naval power of the new Batavian republic, and fecured ftill more to Britain the fovereignty of the feas, which is her only protection, the fource of all her wealth and all her glory.

In the month of November, a new revolution took place in the government of France. The celebrated Buonaparte having returned from Egypt, difplaced the directory, and assumed a kind of dictatorial power, under the title of First Conful, according to a new conftitution which he procured to be framed and accepted. In order to induce the people to confent to this change, by which he was invested with the fupreme authority, he promised them that he would take effectual measures to put an end to the miferies and deftruction of war. In pursuance of this promife, on the very day on which he entered on his new dignity, he

addre Ted a note immediately to the king of Great Britain, in which be expreffed a wish to contribute effectually to a general pacification; and in a fecond note, afterwards tranfmitted by M. Talleyrand, to the English ministry, propofed " an immediate fufpenfion of arms, and that plenipotentiaries on each fide fhould repair to Dunkirk, or any other town as advantageously fituated, for the quickness of the respective communications, and who fhould apply themfelves, without any delay, to effect the re-establishment of peace and a good underftanding between the French republic and England."-The British miniftry, however, fhowed no difpofition to accede to the overture, probably conceiving the new government of France not to have as yet acquired fufficient ftability to be treated with, and encouraged, by the fuccefs which had attended the arms of the allies in the preceding campaign, to hope that they should be able still more effectually to humble and weaken France by a continuance of the war.

Yet we truft we fhall not be deemed either wanting in respect for the government, or deficient in real love for our country, fhould we recommend to the rulers of nations to recollect the uncertainty of the event of a campaign, and how frequently the jealoufies of allied powers, whofe views and interefts cannot be the fame, diffolve the firmeft leagues, and fruftrate the beft concerted plans; how expenfive, and frequently ruinous, are the triumphs of war; and how extenfively beneficial and folid are the advantages of peace, even though purchased by confiderable conceffions, and the facrifice of a falfe honour.

GENEALOGICAL LIST OF THE ROYAL FAMILY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

George-William-Frederic III. born June 4, 1738; proclaimed king of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, and elector of Hanover, October 26, 1760; and married, September 8, 1761, to the princess SophiaCharlotte, of Mecklenburg Strelitz, born May 16, 1744, crowned September 22, 1761, and now have issue:

1. George-Auguftus-Frederic, prince of Wales, born Auguft 12, 1762; married, April 8, 1795, to her highnefs the princefs Caroline of Brunswick; has iffue, Jan. 7, 1796, a princess.

2. Prince Frederic, born August 16, 1763; cleed bishop of Ofnaburg, February 27, 1764; created duke of York and Albany, November 7, 1784, K. G. and K. B.; married, September 29, 1791, FredericaCharlotta-Ulrica-Catharina, princefs royal of Pruffia.

3. Prince William-Henry, born August 21, 1765; created duke of Clarence, K. G. and K. T.

4. Charlotte-Augufta-Matilda, princefs royal of England, born September 29, 1766; married, May 18, 1797, to his ferene highness Frederic-William, hereditary prince of Wurtemberg-Stuttgardt.

5. Prince Edward, born November 2, 1767; created duke of Kent, April, 1799.

6. Princefs Augufta-Sophia, born November 8, 1768.

7. Princess Elizabeth, born May 27, 1770.

8. Prince Erneft-Auguftus, born June 5, 1771; created duke of Cum

berland, April 1799.

9. Prince Frederic-Auguftus, born January 27, 1773.

10. Prince Adolphus-Frederic, born February 24, 177411. Princess Mary, born April 25, 1776.

12. Princess Sophia, born November 3, 1777