press-queen, notwithstanding the provocation they received from k House, will be always remembered to their honour.

The inhabitants of Temeswar, a province lately incorporated ints the kingdom of Hungary, are computed at 450,000. There are in the country many faraons, or gypsies, supposed to be real descendants of the ancient Egyptians. They are said to resemble the ancient Egyp tians in their features, in their propensity to melancholy, and in many of their manners and customs; and it is asserted that the lascivion dances of Isis, the worship of onions, many famous Egyptian supersti tions and specifics, and the Egyptian method of hatching eggs by means of dung, are still in use among the female gypsies in Temeswar,

RELIGION] The established religion of the Hungarians is the Roma catholic, though the major part of the inhabitants are protestants, or Grecks; and they now enjoy the full exercise of their religious liberties. ARCHBISHOPRICS AND BISHOPRICS.] The archbishoprics are Presburg, Gran, and Colotza. The bishoprics are Great Waradin, Agria, Vesprin, Raab, and Five Churches.

LANGUAGE.] As the Hungarians are mixed with Germans, Sclavonians, and Walachians, they have a variety of dialects, and one of them is said to resemble the Hebrew. The better and the middlemost ranks speak German; and almost all, even of the common people, speak Latin, either pure or barbarous, so that the Latin may be said to be here still a living language.

UNIVERSITIES.] In the universities (if they can be properly so called) of Firman, Buba, Raab, and Caschaw, are professors of the several arts and sciences, who used generally to be Jesuits; so that the Lutherans and Calvinists, who are more numerous than the Roman catholics in Hungary, go to the German and other universities.

ANTIQUITIES AND CURIOSITIES, Į The artificial curiosities of

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL.

}

bridges, baths, and mines. The bridge of Esseck, built over the Danube, and Drave, is, properly speaking, a continuation of bridges, five miles in length, fortified with towers at certain distances. It was an important pass during the wars between the Turks and Hungarians. A bridge of boats runs over the Danube, half a mile long, between Buda and Pest; and about twenty Ilungarian miles distant from Belgrade are the remains of a bridge crected by the Romans, judged to be the most magnificent of any in the world. The baths and mines here have nothing to distinguish them from the like works in other countries.

One of the most remarkable natural curiosities of Hungary is a cavern in a mountain near Szelitze: the aperture of this cavern, which fronts the south, is eighteen fathoms high, and eight broad: its subterraneous passages consist entirely of solid rock, stretching away farther south than has yet been discovered; as far as it is practicable to go, the height is found to be fifty fathoms, and the breadth twenty-six. Many wonderful particulars are related of this cavern. Astonishing rocks are common in Hungary, and some of its churches are of admirable architecture. CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS, AND OTHER These are generally decay

EDIFICES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. Jed from their ancient magnificence; but many of the fortifications are still very strong, and kept in good order. Presburg is fortified. In it the Hungarian regalia an kept. The crown, in the year 1784, was removed to Vienna by order of the emperor Joseph H. But this measure gave so great offence, and excited such violent discontents, that it was sent back to Buda in 1790, Where it was received with the most extravagant testimonies of joy, the

L

city and suburbs being illuminated. This crown was sent, in the 1000, by pope Sylvester II. to Stephen, king of Hungary, and was after that of the Greek emperors: it is of solid gold, weighing marks and three ounces, ornamented with fifty-three sapphires, rubies, one large emerald, and three hundred and thirty-eight 1. Besides these stones, are the images of the apostles and pa

The pope added to this crown a silver patriarchal cross, was afterwards inserted in the arms of Hungary. At the cerev of the coronation a bishop carries it before the king. From the is derived the title of apostolic king; the use of which was renewunder the reign of the empress-queen Maria-Theresa. The sceptre the globe of the kingdom are of Arabian gold; the mantle, which f fine linen, is said to be the work of Gisele, spouse of St. Stephen, they say, embroidered in gold the image of Jesus Christ crucified, raany other images of the patriarchs and apostles, with a number of ptions. The sword is two-edged, and rounded at the point. Buda, arily the capital of Hungary, retains little of its ancient magnifice, but its strength and fortifications; and the same may be said of , which lies on the opposite side of the Danube. Raab is likewise ung city, as are Gran and Comorra. Tokay has been already ntioned for the excellency of its wines.

COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES.] After having mentioned the ural produce of the country, it is sufficient to say, that the chief mafactures and exports of the natives consist of metals, drugs, and salt. CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT.] The Hungarians dislike the in of queen, and even called the late empress-queen, king Theresa. ir government preserves the remains of many checks upon the regal wet. They have a diet or parliament, which assembly consists of les or houses; the first composed of magnates, or the great officers the crown, princes, counts, barons, and archbishops; and the second the abbots, prelates, and deputies from the chapters and each of the -and-fifty counties, into which the kingdom is divided. These

however, form but one body, as their votes are taken together. dret, besides being convened on all great national events, should t at stated times. Under Matthias Corvinus, and Ferdinand I. it 2 decreed they should be annual; and under Leopold I. that they ould be triennial; which was confirmed by Charles VI. and is still nsidered as the constitutional period. But sovereigns and their miniors often wish to get rid of these incumbrances; and lately, from 1764 1790, no diet was held; though many important affairs had happenwithin this period. It ought not to sit more than two months. There is likewise a Hungary-office, which resembles our chancery, and hich resides at Vienna; as the stadtholder's council, which comes retty near the British privy-council, but has a municipal jurisdiction, sat Presburg. Every royal town has its senate; and the Gespanhafts resemble our justices of the peace. Besides this, they have an schequer and nine chambers, and other subordinate courts.

MILITARY STRENGTH.] The emperor can bring into the field at any *me, 50,000 Hungarians in their own country, but seldom draws out of above 10.000; these are generally light-horse, and well known in modern times by the name of Hussars. They are not near so large as the erman horse; and therefore the hussars stand up on their short stirrups hen they strike. Their expedition and alertness have been found so rviceable in war, that the greatest powers in Europe have troops that by the same name. Their foot are called Heydukes, and wear feathers

in their caps, according to the number of enemies they pretend to have killed both horse and foot are an excellent militia, very good at a pursuit, or ravaging and plundering a country, but not equal to regular troops in a pitched battle. The sovereign may summon the Hungarian nobility to take the field and defend their country. This service is called an insurrectio, and from it the high clergy are not exempt. In the frequent wars in which Hungary was formerly engaged, principally against the Turks, this service was rather a severe obligation. The number of combatants each brought into the field was in proportion to his estate. The archbishop of Gran, and the bishop of Erlau, brought each two stands of colours, and under each stand a thousand men; the archbishop of Colocza, and several bishops, a thousand each. In the fatal battle of Mohatch, seven bishops were left on the field. A general insurrection of this kind was summoned by the emperor in the present war; but the treaty of Campo Formio having been concluded be fore the troops so raised began to act, they returned home.

COINS.] Hungary was formerly remarkable for its coinage; and there are still extant, in the cabinets of the curious, a complete series of coins of their former kings. More Greek and Roman medals have been discovered in this country than perhaps in any other in Europe.

ARMS.] The emperor, as king of Hungary, for armorial ensigns, bears quarterly, barwise, argent and gules, of eight pieces.

. HISTORY.] The Huns, after subduing this country in the middle of the third century, communicated their name to it, being then part of the ancient Pannonia. They were succeeded by the furious Goths; the Goths were expelled by the Lombards; they by the Avari; who were followed by the Sclavi in the beginning of the 9th century. At the close of it, the Anigours emigrated from the banks of the Wolga, and took possession of the country. Hungary was formerly an assemblage of different states; and the first who assumed the title of king was Stephen, in the year 997, when he embraced Christianity. In his reign the form of government was established, and the crown rendered elective. About the year 1310, king Charles Robert ascended the throne, and subdued Bulgaria, Servia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Sclavonia, and many other provinces; but many of those conquests were afterwards reduced by the Venetians, Turks, and other powers. In the 15th cen tury, Huniades, who was guardian to the infant king Ladislaus, bravely repulsed the Turks when they invaded Hungary; and upon the death of Ladislaus, the Hungarians, in 1438, raised Matthias Corvinus, son of Huniades, to their throne. Lewis, king of Hungary, in 1526, was killed in a battle, fighting against Solyman, emperor of the Turks. This battle proved almost fatal to Ilungary: but the archduke Ferdinand. brother to the emperor Charles V. having married the sister of Lewis, he claimed the title of Hungary, in which he succeeded with some difficulty; and that kingdom has ever since belonged to the House et Austria, though by its constitution its crown ought to be elective.-For the rest of the Hungarian history, see Germany.

TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, CROATIA, AND

HUNGARIAN DALMATIA.

THESE countries appear under one division, for several reasons, and particularly because we have no account sufficiently exact of their extent and boundaries. The most authentic is as follows:-TRANSYLVANIA belongs to the House of Austria, and is bounded on the North by the Carpathian mountains, which divide it from Poland; on the East by Moldavia and Walachia; on the south by Walachia; and on the West by Upper and Lower Hungary. It lies between twenty-two and twenty-six degrees of East longitude, and forty-five and forty-eight of North latitude. Its length is about 180, and its breadth 120 miles; and contains nearly 14,400 square miles, surrounded on all sides by high mountains. Its produce, vegetables, and animals, are almost the same with those of Hungary. The air is wholesome and temperate; but the wine of this country, though good, is not equal to the Hungarian. Its chief city is Hermanstadt, and its interior government still partakes greatly of the ancient feudal system, being composed of many independent states and princes, who are little more than nominally subject to the Austrians. Papists, Lutherans, Calvinists, Socinians, Arians, Greeks, Mahometans, and other sectaries, here enjoy their several religions. Transylvania is thought to add but little to the Austrian revenue, though it exports some metals and salt to Hungary. The other large places are Sageswar, Millenback, and Newmark. All sorts of provisions are very cheap, and excellent in their kinds. Hermanstadt is a large, strong, and well-built city, as are Clausenburg and Weissenburg. The seat of goyernment is at Hermanstadt, and the governor is assisted by a council made up of Roman-catholics, Calvinists, and Lutherans. The diet, or parliament, meets by summons, and receives the commands of the sovereign, to whom of late they have been more devoted than formerly. They have a liberty of making remonstrances and representations in case of grievances.

Transylvania is part of ancient Dacia, the inhabitants of which long employed the Roman arms before they could be subdued. It was overrun by the Goths on the decline of the Roman empire, and then by the Huns. Their descendants retain the same military character. The population of the country is not ascertained; but if the Transylvanians can bring into the field, as has been asserted, 30,000 troops, the whole number of inhabitants must be considerable. At present, their military force is reduced to six regiments of 1,500 each; but it is well known that, during the last two wars in which the House of Austria was engaged, the Transylvanians did great services. Hermanstadt is its only bishopric; and the Transylvanians at present seem to trouble themselves little either about learning or religion, though the Roman-catholic is the established church. Stephen I. king of Hungary, introduced Christianity there about the year 1000; and it was afterwards governed by an Hungarian vaivod or viceroy. The various revolutions in their government prove their impatience under slavery; and though the treaty of Carlowitz, in 1699, gave the sovereignty of Transylvania, as also of Sclavonia, to the House of Austria, yet the natives enjoy what we may call a loyal aristocracy, which their sovereigns do not think proper to invade. In October, 1784, on account of the real or feigned

in fivir cages, according to the number of enemies they pretend to ha kiled: Boci borse and foot are an excellent militia, very good at a pu SIL, de reng and plandering a country, but not equal to regular traps in a pitched base. The sovereign may summon the Hungarian semicy to take the field and defend their country. This service is culet an iarrata, and from it the high clergy are not exempt. In die Soppent wars in bin Hungary was formerly engaged, principally aguust the Turtis, the service was rather a severe obligation. The unber if combatants each brought into the field was in proportion to his ese. The archossop of Gran, and the bishop of Erlau, brought each. 200 stats of colours, and under each stand a thousand men; the a cé Couocza, and several bishops, a thousand cach. In the farai bace of Mohatch, seven bishops were left on the field. A geneai nauretom of the kind was summoned by the emperor in the presat var; but the treaty of Campo Formio having been concluded be Suce the troops so used began to act, they returned home.

Corys.; Hungary was formerly remarkable for its coinage; and there Be sill Cast in the cabinets of the curious, a complete series of coins efter fer cags More Greek and Roman medals have been disCOVERER JE TUS country than perhaps in any other in Europe.

ARxK; The emperor, as king of Hungary, for armorial ensigns, beans quartets, inrwise, argent and gules, of eight pieces.

Hostear. The Hass, after subduing this country in the middle of the art centry, oricated their name to it, being then part of The ancient Panon. They were succeeded by the furious Goths; The Greis were expelled by the Lombards; they by the Avari; who were inluwed by the Sclavi in the beginning of the 9th century. At the dust of s, the Anigours emigrated from the banks of the Wolga, and took possession of the country. Hungary was formerly an assemblage of adferent states; and the first who assumed the title of king was Sorghen, in the year 997, when he embraced Christianity. In his reign the men of government was established, and the crown rendered eleca. Abear the year 1310, king Charles Robert ascended the throne, and subdued Bulgaria, Servia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Sclavonia, and maay other provinces; but many of those conquests were afterwards reduced by the Venetians, Turks, and other powers. In the 15th cen tury, Huiades, who was guardian to the infant king Ladislaus, bravely seguised the Turks ben they invaded Hungary; and upon the death ef Lafisins, the Hungarians, in 1438, raised Matthias Corvinus, son of Hamades, to their throne. Lewis, king of Hungary, in 1526, was killed in a battle, fighting against Solyman, emperor of the Turks. This bamie prowed almost fatal to Ilungary: but the archduke Ferdinand. hether to the emperor Charles V. having married the sister of Lewis, he chased the title of Hungary, in which he succeeded with some difficuity; and that kingdom has ever since belonged to the House of Asona, though by its constitution its crown ought to be elective.-For the rest of the Hungarian history, see Germany.

A